<h2>Type 2 Inflammation may increase the risk of exacerbations and lung function impairment in COPD23,24</h2>
<h3>COPD is characterized by mucus production, airway obstruction, and coughing13</h3>

<h3>Inflammation manifests systemically and locally</h3>

<ul>
 <li>Chronic inflammation causes structural changes, including narrowing of the airways and decreased lung elasticity13</li>
 <li>Studies have identified a relationship between inflammation and mucus hypersecretion in respiratory conditions such as COPD25</li>
</ul>
&nbsp;&nbsp;

<h2>Listen to Prof Nicola Hanania : “We no longer look at it as a one-size-fits-all disease”</h2>

1:36 minutes
Nicola Hanania is Professor of Medicine, Section Chief of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine at the Ben Taub Hospital in Houston, Texas, and Director of the Airways Clinical Research Center, ACRC, at the Bear College of Medicine.

CHRONIC-OBSTRUCTIVE-PULMONARY-DISEASE-(COPD)

Role of type 2 Inflammation 

Listen to the whole episode of the podcast on the <a href="https://www.emjreviews.com/respiratory/podcasts/the-negative-impact-of-chronic-inflammation-on-quality-of-life-in-patients-with-copd/">EMJ website</a> 
 Sponsored by Sanofi and Regeneron, in partnership with EMJ.

Read podcast transcript

<h2>Look for elevated blood eosinophils (&gt;300 Cells/Lμ) - A Biomarker of Type 2 Inflammation in COPD13</h2>

<h4>&nbsp;</h4>
<h3>Elevated eosinophils in COPD are a treatable trait and marker of type 2 inflammation13</h3>
The 2024 GOLD Report recognizes elevated blood EOS as a clinically used biomarker in identifying COPD with type 2 inflammation
<h2>Type 2 inflammation in COPD can involve multiple pathways, cytokines, and inflammatory cells28-33</h2>

<h2>IL-4, IL-13, an IL-5 are type 2 cytokines involved in COPD</h2>

&nbsp;&nbsp;
aBased on findings from 5 studies in COPD patients without asthma. Eosinophil levels used to define type 2 inflammation ranged from ≥300 cells/μL to ≥340 cells/μL (blood), ≥2% in induced sputum or 3% in peripheral blood. Percentages of patients with type 2 inflammation ranged from 12.3% to ~40%23,24 bA severe exacerbation was defined as a hospitalization due to COPD. Exacerbations had to be a minimum of 4 weeks apart to be considered separate exacerbations.27 cIn a cohort of patients with EOS &gt;200 cells/μL.26 dReproduced with permission of the American Thoracic Society. Fritzsching B et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191(8):902-91325 eAlcian blue PAS staining of mucus in airway epithelial cells.25 fResults from an observational study of 1553 patients with GOLD spirometry grade 2-4 COPD (postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio &lt;0.7, with FEV, &gt;80% predicted)23 gResults from a 1-year observational study of 479 patients with COPD, 173 of whom had blood eosinophil levels ≥200 cells/μL and/or ≥2% of the total white blood cell count.24 
 COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EOS, eosinophils; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; IFN-y, interferon-gamma; ILC2, innate lymphoid type-2 cells; MUC5AC, mucin 5AC; PAS, periodic acid-Schiff; TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin.

<h2>The SGRQ measures the qualitative impact of COPD14,a</h2>
Some domains evaluated by the SGRQ include16:

Cough

Sputum production

Breathlessness

Wheezing

Exacerbations

Work activities

Daily activities*

Medication use

*Such as walking upstairs or getting dressed.
<h3>E-RS-COPD assess COPD symptomsb</h3>
Some domains evaluated by the E-RS-COPD include16:

Cough

Breathlessness

Chest congestion

This is not an exhaustive list of items evaluated by the SGRQ and E-RS-COPD.
&nbsp;
<h2>Listen to Prof Claus Vogelmeier : "We are now starting to characterize patients more carefully"</h2>

0:37 minutes
Claus Vogelmeier is Professor of Medicine and Head of the Department of Pneumology at the University Hospital Marburg, Germany

Quality of life and symptom measurement in COPD Patients

Listen to the whole episode of the podcast on the <a href="https://www.emjreviews.com/respiratory/podcasts/the-negative-impact-of-chronic-inflammation-on-quality-of-life-in-patients-with-copd/" target="_blank">EMJ website</a> 
 Sponsored by Sanofi and Regeneron, in partnership with EMJ.

&nbsp;
a The SGRQ is a 50-item questionnaire designed to measure the qualitative impact of COPD on overall health , daily life, and perceived well-being. Higher scores mean greater disease severity. 14 b E-RS-COPD is an 11-item patient-reported derivative tool that measures the effect of treatment on respiratory symptom severity in patients with stable COPD . Higher scores mean greater disease severity. 17
 
  COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; E-RS-COPD, Evaluating Respiratory Symptoms in COPD; QoL, quality of life; SGRQ, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire

What if you could identify higher-risk patients?&nbsp;&nbsp;
A deeper look at the inflammation behind exacerbations could ignite new thinking in COPD. Look for blood eosinophils, a biomarker of COPD with Type 2 Inflammation, which may help you identify those patients at increased risk of exacerbations.
Watch the video below to better understand exacerbations in COPD and better identify patients at risk.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Understanding type 2 inflammation may help shed light on why some patients continue to exacerbate. Watch this video to learn how.

One minute to ignite new thinking in COPD

Read video transcript

Understanding type 2 inflammation may help shed light on why some patients continue to exacerbate. Watch this video to learn how.

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Latest Articles

Role of type 2 Inflammation

Quality of life and symptom measurement in COPD Patients

One minute to ignite new thinking in COPD