<h2 style="text-align:center;">Watch the film here</h2>

Step into The Betaverse and uncover the hidden world of beta cells.
 
 The film explores the mechanisms of autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) and brings to life the crucial role of beta cells in maintaining glucose homeostasis.
 
 Learn more about these cells that not only produce insulin but also keep the entire system in harmony.

OUT-OF-TAXONOMY

DISCOVER THE STORY INSIDE THE PANCREAS

Step into The Betaverse and uncover the hidden world of beta cells.

  The film explores the mechanisms of autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) and brings to life the crucial role of beta cells in maintaining glucose homeostasis.

  Learn more about these cells that not only produce insulin but also keep the entire system in harmony.

<h2>Key takeaway</h2>

<h3>Transforming autoimmune T1D care: Why a paradigm shift is crucial?</h3>
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune condition that destroys pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin deficiency and long-term insulin dependence. Despite treatment advances, T1D remains challenging, with significant financial, emotional, and medical burdens.3&nbsp;
Globally, millions suffer from autoimmune T1D3. While individuals with a first-degree relative have a 15-fold higher risk, about 85% of newly diagnosed children have no family history.4 Poor glycemic control in youth increases the risk of morbidity and early mortality.3,5
As a greater understanding of pathophysiology of T1D have evolved, research efforts have been devoted to delaying the onset of clinical disease.4&nbsp;

<h3>Stay ahead of the management of autoimmune T1D: How early detection can be a game changer?&nbsp;</h3>
Autoantibodies&nbsp;in the blood can be detected before the onset of clinical symptoms of the disease.6 Hence, identification of islet beta-cell autoantibodies in asymptomatic children can serve as a true diagnostic feature of autoimmune T1D, reflective of a medical condition. By implementing early staging, autoimmune T1D can be recognized initially as an immune disorder. This approach creates an opportunity for therapeutic intervention before the disease advances to a clinical diagnosis.7&nbsp;
Screening for islet beta-cell autoantibodies in high-risk individuals allows for&nbsp;
<ul>
 <li>Diagnosis of early stage autoimmune T1D</li>
 <li>Timely intervention through monitoring and treatment</li>
 <li>Prevention of complications such as DKA.8-9&nbsp;</li>
</ul>
Furthermore, early screening and detection can significantly expedite drug development, enhance academic research, boost public health initiatives aimed at reversing islet beta-cell autoimmunity and halting the progression to symptomatic autoimmune T1D.7
<a href="https://pro.campus.sanofi/t1d/articles/test-for-autoantibodies">Click here</a> to know more about importance of testing for autoantibodies as a method to identify individuals at risk of developing autoimmune T1D.
Benefits of early autoimmune T1D screening4, 9-10

<h3>What is the supporting evidence on screening of autoimmune T1D?</h3>
Previous large-scale screening programs conducted&nbsp;in different countries have already shown the benefits of universal screening, including prevention of hospitalizations for DKA and improvements in long-term glycemic control in patient with autoimmune T1D.11-12&nbsp;
The Autoimmunity Screening for Kids (ASK) study, a large-scale pediatric screening initiative in Colorado (USA) for celiac disease (CeD) and autoimmune T1D, demonstrated that pre-symptomatic autoimmune T1D screening could be cost-effective in regions with a high prevalence of DKA.11&nbsp;
Fr1da study (Bavaria, Germany), has shown that at the time of clinical diagnosis of autoimmune T1D, children with a prior early-stage diagnosis (vs those without) had lower median HbA1c, lower median fasting glucose, and higher median fasting C-peptide. The incidence of ketonuria and DKA was also lower at clinical diagnosis in children with a prior early-stage diagnosis.13
These pilot studies have demonstrated the potential of conducting pediatric screening for autoimmune T1D in the general population. In Italy, these developments have translated into a nationwide health program with the objective of reaching the entire pediatric population.12

<h3>What do the guidelines recommend?</h3>
International guidelines on autoimmune T1D suggests diabetes-related autoantibody screening among individuals with a family history and offered to appropriate candidates within research setting.14 However, consideration for screening the risk of autoimmune T1D in the general population is now growing.4&nbsp;
Recommendations on screening of individuals with risk of autoimmune T1D by various societies1,4,15
<figure class="table" style="width:500px;">
 <table>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td style="background-color:rgb(112, 34, 221);">Society</td>
 <td style="background-color:rgb(112, 34, 221);">Guidance</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>American Diabetes Association (ADA)15</td>
 <td>
 <ul>
 <li>“Having multiple confirmed islet autoantibodies is a risk factor for clinical diabetes. Testing* for dysglycemia may be used to further forecast near term risk. When multiple islet autoantibodies are identified, referral to a specialized center for further evaluation and/or consideration of a clinical trial or approved therapy to potentially delay development of clinical diabetes should be considered.”</li>
 <li>“Standardized islet autoantibody tests are recommended for classification of diabetes in adults who have phenotypic risk factors† that overlap with those for T1D.”</li>
 </ul></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>The International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD)4</td>
 <td>
 <ul>
 <li>“General population screening programs using combinations of genetic and autoantibody testing can identify high-risk children.”</li>
 <li>“Both general population and targeted screening should be coupled with education and monitoring programs for those identified with autoantibodies.”</li>
 </ul></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>International consensus developed by Breakthrough T1D (formerly JDRF) and endorsed by ADA and European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)1</td>
 <td>
 <ul>
 <li>“The consensus emphasizes the benefits of early detection of T1D, including reduced risk of DKA at diagnosis, increased planning and preparation time, and the opportunity to consider research aimed at delaying and preventing T1D.”</li>
 </ul></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td colspan="2">*Screening for presymptomatic T1D may be done by detection of autoantibodies to insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), islet antigen 2 (IA-2), or zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8).&nbsp;†Younger age at diagnosis, unintentional weight loss, ketoacidosis, or short time to insulin treatment.</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
</figure>

<h3>What are the tools and resources available for screening?</h3>
Globally, various screening programs for autoimmune T1D, designed to identify autoantibodies, are available. These programs vary in their approach.4,16
Screening programs/studies to detect early-stage autoimmune T1D9,17
<figure class="table" style="width:500px;">
 <table>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td style="background-color:rgb(112, 34, 221);">Screening Program</td>
 <td style="background-color:rgb(112, 34, 221);">Population</td>
 <td style="background-color:rgb(112, 34, 221);">Location</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td colspan="3">Screening of general population&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DIPP</td>
 <td>Age 0.25–15 years with high-risk HLA genotypes</td>
 <td>Finland</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>BABY-SCREEN</td>
 <td>
 Newborns to 3 years with high-risk HLA for T1D
 and/or celiac disease</td>
 <td>Finland</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>TEDDY</td>
 <td>Age from birth to 15 years</td>
 <td>USA, Germany, Sweden, Finland</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>GPPAD</td>
 <td>Infants &lt;1 month of age</td>
 <td>Germany, UK, Poland, Belgium, and Sweden</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PLEDGE</td>
 <td>Age &lt;6 years</td>
 <td>North and South Dakota and Minnesota, USA</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>CASCADE</td>
 <td>Age ≥1 year</td>
 <td>Northwest USA</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PRiMeD</td>
 <td>Age 2-16 years</td>
 <td>Virginia, USA</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fr1da</td>
 <td>Age 1.75–10.99 years</td>
 <td>Germany</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fr1dolin</td>
 <td>Age 2–6 years</td>
 <td>Germany</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>T1Detect (JDRF)</td>
 <td>Age ≥1 year</td>
 <td>Most USA states</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>ASK</td>
 <td>Age 1–17 years</td>
 <td>Colorado, USA</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td colspan="3">Screening of relatives for eligibility to participate in clinical studies</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>TrialNet Pathway to Prevention (TN01)</td>
 <td>
 Relatives aged
 3–45 years</td>
 <td>USA, Canada, Europe, Australia</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>INNODIA</td>
 <td>
 Relatives and
 general population</td>
 <td>Europe</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Bart’s Oxford (BOX) Family Study</td>
 <td>Relatives</td>
 <td>UK</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Type1Screen</td>
 <td>
 Relatives aged
 2–30 years</td>
 <td>Australia and New Zealand</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td colspan="3">Screening programs (in development)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>T1Early</td>
 <td>Preschool Age: 3.5-4 years</td>
 <td>UK</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>ADIR</td>
 <td>Age 9–18 months and 5 years</td>
 <td>Israel</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>JDRF General Population Screening Pilot</td>
 <td>
 Newborns, infants, and
 2–6 years</td>
 <td>Australia</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
</figure>

<a href="https://www.gettingaheadoftype1.org/resources/provider">Click here</a> to know more about tools and resources that can help in the management of autoimmune T1D.&nbsp;
For more information on the screening and detection of autoimmune T1D, visit the&nbsp;<a href="https://detect-t1d.com/clinician-portal/early-screening-and-detection/">DETECT T1D website</a>.
<h3>How can HCPs become an advocate for autoimmune T1D screening?</h3>
HCPs play a crucial role in advocating for autoimmune T1D screening.14 Here's how they can become effective advocates: 1. Education and awareness:&nbsp;HCPs can explain the risk and benefits of screening to patients and their family members.14
2. Identifying at risk individuals:&nbsp;HCPs can identify high-risk individuals in collaboration with specialists, and either provide a stage-specific intervention or offer clinical trial opportunities.14
3. Advocating for equity in care:&nbsp;It is important for HCPs to continue the advocacy for equal opportunities of screening and monitoring among patients with racial/ethnic or socioeconomic disparities.14
4. Patient communication:&nbsp;HCPs play a crucial role in diabetes education. They can provide accurate information, promote self-management strategies, and work to combat stigma and misinformation.2
5. Fostering collaboration between primary care and specialist HCPs:&nbsp;Primary care HCPs can play a crucial role in screening and monitoring population with early-stage diabetes. Partnership between primary and secondary HCP can help facilitate training and skill development to improve understanding of early stage autoimmune T1D.18
6. Guidelines development:&nbsp;HCP can also support in&nbsp;development of&nbsp; evidence-based screening guidelines to drive&nbsp;paradigm shift in autoimmune T1D care, as early diagnosis has the potential to prevent serious morbidity and mortality.14,18
Autoimmune T1D screening programs are gaining recognition due to the benefits of screening to prevent DKA at late stage of autoimmune T1D diagnosis as well as the availability of therapy to delay the disease progression.18&nbsp;

References
<ol>
 <li>American Diabetes Association Showcases Innovations and Guidance for Early Risk Monitoring of Type 1 Diabetes. Press Release June 24, 2024. Orlando, FL.&nbsp;Available at: https://diabetes.org/newsroom/press-releases/american-diabetes-association-showcases-innovations-and-guidance-early-risk. Accessed: December 2025</li>
 <li>Evans J et al. The essential role of the diabetes educator.&nbsp;Available at: https://diabetesvoice.org/en/caring-for-diabetes/diabetes-educators-and-diabetes-education/. Accessed: December&nbsp;2025</li>
 <li>Owusu BA, Ofori-Boateng P,&nbsp;Bankahet E, et al.&nbsp;A qualitative study of type 1 diabetes complications, mental health, and structural pathways of complications occurrence among young people (14–24 years) and caregivers in southern Ghana. SSM-Mental Health. 2024;6:100368. doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100368</li>
 <li>Besser REJ, Bell KJ, Couper JJ, et al.&nbsp;ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Stages of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23(8):1175−1187. doi: 10.1111/pedi.13410</li>
 <li>Duca LM, Wang B, Rewers M, et al. Diabetic Ketoacidosis at Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes Predicts Poor Long-term Glycemic Control. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(9):1249−1255. doi: 10.2337/dc17-0558</li>
 <li>Al-Mulla, Nizam R, Alqabandi R, Alkandari H, Abubaker J. Early autoantibody screening for type 1 diabetes: a Kuwaiti perspective on the advantages of multiplexing chemiluminescent assays. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1273476. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1273476</li>
 <li>Bonifacio E, Mathieu C, Nepom GT,&nbsp;et al.&nbsp;Rebranding asymptomatic type 1 diabetes: the case for autoimmune beta cell disorder as a pathological and diagnostic entity. Diabetologia. 2017;60(1):35−38. doi: 10.1007/s00125-016-4144-8</li>
 <li>Cherubini V, Grimsmann JM, Åkesson K, et al.&nbsp;Temporal trends in diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of paediatric type 1 diabetes between 2006 and 2016: results from 13 countries in three continents. Diabetologia. 2020;63(8):1530−1541. doi: 10.1007/s00125-020-05152-1</li>
 <li>Sims EK, Besser REJ, Dayan C, et al.&nbsp;NIDDK Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group. Screening for Type 1 Diabetes in the General Population: A Status Report and Perspective. Diabetes. 2022;71(4):610−623. doi: 10.2337/dbi20-0054</li>
 <li>Quinn LM, Rashid R, Narendran P, et al.&nbsp;Screening children for presymptomatic type 1 diabetes. British Journal of General Practice&nbsp;2023;73(726):36−39. doi: 10.3399/bjgp23X731709</li>
 <li>McQueen RB,&nbsp;Rasmussen CG,&nbsp;Waugh K,&nbsp;et al. Cost and Cost-effectiveness of Large-scale Screening for Type 1 Diabetes in Colorado.&nbsp;Diabetes Care. 2020; 43(7):1496–1503.&nbsp;doi:10.2337/dc19-2003</li>
 <li>Catassi C, Vincentini O, Pricci F, et al.&nbsp;Pediatric screening for type 1 diabetes and celiac disease: the future is today in Italy. Minerva Pediatr (Torino). 2024;76(4):461−463. doi: 10.23736/S2724-5276.24.07573-6</li>
 <li>Hummel S, Carl J, Friedl N, et al. Fr1da Study Group. Children diagnosed with presymptomatic type 1 diabetes through public health screening have milder diabetes at clinical manifestation. Diabetologia. 2023;66(9):1633−1642. doi: 10.1007/s00125-023-05953-0</li>
 <li>Moore DJ, Leibel NI, Polonsky W, et al.&nbsp;Recommendations for Screening and Monitoring the Stages of Type 1 Diabetes in the Immune Therapy Era. Int J Gen Med. 2024;17:3003−3014. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S438009</li>
 <li>American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(Suppl 1):S20-S42. doi: 10.2337/dc24-S002</li>
 <li>STOP T1D. Module 4. Available at: https://www.stopt1dprogram.org/hcp-directory/module-4. Accessed: December&nbsp;2025</li>
 <li>Finding diabetes early can prevent serious illness and complications (no date) The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY). Available at: https://teddy.epi.usf.edu/. Accessed: December&nbsp;2025</li>
 <li>Phillip M, Achenbach P, Addala A, et al. Consensus guidance for monitoring individuals with islet autoantibody-positive pre-stage 3 type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(8):1276−1298. doi: 10.2337/dci24-0042</li>
 <li>Hilliard ME, Oser SM, Close KL, et al. From Individuals to International Policy: Achievements and Ongoing Needs in Diabetes Advocacy. Curr Diab Rep. 2015;15(9):59. doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0636-z. doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100368</li>
</ol>

The ongoing paradigm shift in autoimmune type 1 diabetes (autoimmune T1D) care with early screening and risk monitoring can now help identify people at risk in the pre-symptomatic stages.1 The HCPs can be instrumental in enabling this shift by supporting knowledge dissemination and clinical application by early screening of autoimmune T1D.1,2 This approach ensures that benefits are realized by patients and caregivers at the early stage of autoimmune T1D.1,2

Early screening for autoimmune T1D: A paradigm shift in disease management

GENERAL-MEDICINES

TYPE-1-DIABETES

DIABETES

<h3>Burden of T1D in children and adolescents&nbsp;</h3>
The incidence of T1D has risen significantly over the past five decades with those &lt;18 years most impacted.2
Notably, 90% of children&nbsp;who develop T1D are found&nbsp;in the general population and lack a family history of T1D.2&nbsp;
The most common type of diabetes in childhood and adolescence is immune-mediated.3 Children with autoimmune T1D face three times higher hospitalization rates than their healthy peers and they are more prone to depression, anxiety, psychological distress, and eating disorders.2 Long-term glycemic control is often suboptimal, with fear of hypoglycemia being a major limiting factor.2

In a large majority of children, autoimmune T1D diagnosis is associated with DKA, a clinical emergency.2 DKA can be associated with poor metabolic control over a long term, cerebral edema, extended hospitalization, excessive costs, and high mortality rates.2

<h3>Screening children can help reduce autoimmune T1D burden</h3>
Children who develop autoantibodies and progress to autoimmune T1D early in life have reduced functional beta cell mass and higher rates of DKA at diagnosis.4 DKA awareness campaigns effectively reduce DKA at autoimmune T1D onset, but large-scale implementation of prevention campaigns remains challenging.2
Islet autoantibodies screening potentially prevents DKA by effectively identifying individuals at a higher risk of developing autoimmune T1D.1,5 Screening also provides an opportunity for patient and caregiver education and glucose monitoring in the high-risk cohort.1 Closely monitored children have significantly lower DKA rates.6&nbsp;
Early screening can, thus, help prevent DKA by early identification of children with autoantibodies and their close monitoring.7 However,&nbsp;autoantibodies are often screened later in the disease trajectory.8&nbsp;Furthermore, it has been observed that frequency of screening is higher in children with first-degree relatives with autoimmune T1D that in those without.9 Establishing larger population screening can help identify at-risk children and those who might benefit from preventive/ immunomodulatory treatments.10&nbsp;
Cheaper autoantibody screening tests along with potentially reduced incidence and economic impact of diabetes complications can make early screening for autoimmune T1D cost effective.2&nbsp;
The high rates of DKA at diagnosis in adolescence makes screening crucial in this age group.1&nbsp;
One time screening at 10 years of age during adolescence is shown to be highly sensitive with a high positive predictive value.1
Real world evidence for screening in children and adolescents
<figure class="table" style="width:97.65%;">
 <table class="ck-table-resized">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width:13.2%;">
 <col style="width:19.8%;">
 <col style="width:10.4%;">
 <col style="width:23.22%;">
 <col style="width:6.98%;">
 <col style="width:13.2%;">
 <col style="width:13.2%;">
 </colgroup>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td style="background-color:rgb(112, 34, 221);">Studies</td>
 <td style="background-color:rgb(112, 34, 221);">Outcomes&nbsp;</td>
 <td style="background-color:rgb(112, 34, 221);">n</td>
 <td style="background-color:rgb(112, 34, 221);">Screened children found positive for islet autoantibodies</td>
 <td style="background-color:rgb(112, 34, 221);">n</td>
 <td style="background-color:rgb(112, 34, 221);">Non-screened children</td>
 <td style="background-color:rgb(112, 34, 221);">P-value</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td rowspan="5"><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2011.00829.x">German BABYDIAB and the Munich Family Study</a>*11</td>
 <td>
 Prevalence of DKA</td>
 <td>
 65</td>
 <td>
 3.3%</td>
 <td>
 15,359</td>
 <td>
 29.1%</td>
 <td>
 &lt;0.001</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 HbA1c</td>
 <td>
 71</td>
 <td>
 8.6%</td>
 <td>
 20,024</td>
 <td>
 11.0%</td>
 <td>
 &lt; 0.001</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 Blood glucose levels,&nbsp;mmol/L</td>
 <td>
 48</td>
 <td>
 19.01</td>
 <td>
 14,022</td>
 <td>
 23.86</td>
 <td>
 0.005</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 Hospitalization duration, days</td>
 <td>
 53</td>
 <td>
 11.4</td>
 <td>
 21,170</td>
 <td>
 14.9</td>
 <td>
 0.005</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 Blood pH levels</td>
 <td>
 65</td>
 <td>
 7.39</td>
 <td>
 15,359</td>
 <td>
 7.31</td>
 <td>
 &lt;0.001</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td rowspan="3"><a href="https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/27/6/1399/22730/Clinical-Characteristics-of-Children-Diagnosed">DAISY</a>12</td>
 <td>
 Outcomes</td>
 <td colspan="2">
 Children diagnosed with diabetes through screening and follow-up program</td>
 <td colspan="2">
 Children concurrently diagnosed with diabetes in the community</td>
 <td>
 P-value</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 HbA1c at diagnosis</td>
 <td colspan="2">
 7.2%</td>
 <td colspan="2">
 10.9%</td>
 <td>
 &lt;0.0001</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 Hospitalization rate</td>
 <td colspan="2">
 3.3%</td>
 <td colspan="2">
 44%</td>
 <td>
 &lt;0.0001</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
</figure>

<a href="https://pro.campus.sanofi/t1d/articles/early-detection-of-autoimmune-type-1-diabetes-could-reduce-the-risk-of-diabetic-ketoacidosis">Learn how early detection of autoimmune T1D could reduce the risk of DKA</a>
<h3>Guideline recommendations for screening of children and adolescents</h3>
Recent consensus guidelines recommend screening at ages 2 and 6 for optimal prediction of development of clinical autoimmune T1D by the age of 15 years.&nbsp;However, this approach tends to miss a subset of younger infants and toddlers (&lt;2 years of age) and adolescents (10–18 years) who may be at risk of developing autoimmune T1D.13&nbsp;
If the initial screening window of 2 to 6 years is missed, providers should screen children who they believe are suitable candidates any time thereafter.13
The <a href="https://karger.com/hrp/article/97/6/529/917924/ISPAD-Clinical-Practice-Consensus-Guidelines-2024">ISPAD 2024 consensus document</a> for screening individuals with single (at-risk) and multiple (early-stage autoimmune T1D) islet autoantibody positivity provides the following expert clinical advice for screening individuals with islet autoantibody–positive pre-stage 3 T1D:14
<ul>
 <li>Surveillance frequency should depend on the risk of progression, with more frequent monitoring offered to children at higher risk of progression</li>
 <li>Screening for islet autoantibodies repeated twice during childhood may provide the most cost-effective means of identifying those who will develop autoimmune T1D. Optimal ages for screening may depend on background population risk</li>
 <li>Screening should be coupled with education and metabolic surveillance programs for those identified with islet autoantibodies</li>
 <li>All families need to be counseled about the expected progression to clinical diagnosis of autoimmune T1D, how to cope with the often-unexpected diagnosis of early-stage autoimmune T1D, options for glycemic monitoring, and how to identify signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia, and have a team to contact</li>
</ul>

The ADA 2025 guidelines recommend that the first autoantibody-positive test be confirmed with a second test within 3 months, preferably in a laboratory that meets the performance standards set by the&nbsp;<a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10036445/">Islet Autoantibody Standardization Program (IASP)</a>.3
<a href="https://pro.campus.sanofi/t1d/articles/test-for-autoantibodies">Learn what is the need to identify risk of developing autoimmune T1D</a>
<h3>Role of HCPs in addressing psychological impact of autoimmune T1D in families and caregivers</h3>
Screening for autoimmune T1D could cause significant psychological stress in children diagnosed with pre-symptomatic T1D and their parents.2 Early detection of autoimmune T1D necessitates HCPs to offer follow-up education and counseling to individuals and their families to manage stress, anxiety, and psychological issues during screening, monitoring, and potential treatment.13
Research indicates that providing education to families with children diagnosed with early pre-symptomatic stages of autoimmune T1D improves their quality of life and reduces parental stress at clinical autoimmune T1D.13
Learn more about psychosocial support for patients identified at risk or at early stage autoimmune T1D

References
<ol>
 <li>Ghalwash M, Anand V, Lou O, et al. Islet autoantibody screening in at-risk adolescents to predict type 1 diabetes until young adulthood: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2023;7(4):261–268. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(22)00350-9.</li>
 <li>Cherubini V, Chiarelli F. Autoantibody test for type 1 diabetes in children: are there reasons to implement a screening program in the general population? A statement endorsed by the Italian Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (SIEDP-ISPED) and the Italian Society of Paediatrics (SIP). Ital J Pediatr. 2023;49(1):87. doi:10.1186/s13052-023-01438-3.</li>
 <li>American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2025. Diabetes Care. 2025;48(Supplement 1):S27–S49. doi:10.2337/dc25-S002.</li>
 <li>Felton JL, Redondo MJ, Oram RA, et al. Islet autoantibodies as precision diagnostic tools to characterize heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes: A systematic review. Commun Med (Lond). 2024;4(1):66. doi:10.1038/s43856-024-00478-y.</li>
 <li>Besser REJ, Bell KJ, Couper JJ, et al.&nbsp;ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2022: Stages of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23(8):1175–1187. doi:10.1111/pedi.13410.</li>
 <li>Simmons KM, Youngkin E, Alkanani A, et al. Screening children for type 1 diabetes-associated antibodies at community health fairs.&nbsp;Pediatr Diabetes. 2019;20(7):909–914. doi:10.1111/pedi.12902.</li>
 <li>Peters A. Screening for autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes: A Call to Action.&nbsp;J Fam Pract. 2021;70(6S):S47–S52. doi:10.12788/jfp.0223.</li>
 <li>Bertolini M, Duchateau D, Mikkelsen K, et al.&nbsp;Experiences and perspectives related to autoantibody screening of people at risk for type 1 diabetes. Poster 550. Presented at: The International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) 2024 Annual Conference; October 16, 2024; Lisbon, Portugal.</li>
 <li>Hood K, Agardh D, Ebekozien O, et al.&nbsp;Family ties and screening whys: Decisions in islet autoantibody testing for type 1 diabetes. Oral presentation 62. Presented at: The International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) 2024 Annual Conference; October 17, 2024; Lisbon, Portugal.</li>
 <li>Serra-Caetano J, Cardoso R, Dinis, I, et al.&nbsp;Type 1 diabetes screening in a pediatric population – lessons learned on a daily practice perspective. Poster 296. Presented at: The International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) 2024 Annual Conference; October 16, 2024; Lisbon, Portugal.</li>
 <li>Winkler C, Schober E, Ziegler AG, Holl RW.&nbsp;Markedly reduced rate of diabetic ketoacidosis at onset of type 1 diabetes in relatives screened for islet autoantibodies. Pediatr Diabetes. 2012;13(4):308–313. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2011.00829.x.</li>
 <li>Barker JM, Goehrig SH, Barriga K, et al. Clinical characteristics of children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes through intensive screening and follow-up.&nbsp;Diabetes Care. 2004;27(6):1399–1404. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.6.1399.</li>
 <li>Moore DJ, Leibel NI, Polonsky W, et al.&nbsp;Recommendations for screening and monitoring the stages of type 1 diabetes in the immune therapy era. Int J Gen Med. 2024;17:3003–3014. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S438009.</li>
 <li>Haller MJ, Bell KJ, Besser REJ, et al.&nbsp;ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2024: Screening, staging, and strategies to preserve beta-cell function in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Horm Res Paediatr. 2024. doi:10.1159/000543035.</li>
</ol>

Early screening for islet autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes (T1D) in children and adolescents can effectively identify individuals at a higher risk of developing autoimmune T1D.1

Importance of early screening for autoimmune T1D in children and adolescents

The progression of autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) is gradual, often detectable months or even years before symptoms arise.1–3 Through proactive screening, we can identify the condition well in advance.3 Meet our ambassadors living with autoimmune T1D and discover the risk factors to look out for when considering who to screen.

Real-life stories from people living with autoimmune T1D 

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Real-life stories from people living with autoimmune T1D

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DISCOVER THE STORY INSIDE THE PANCREAS

Early screening for autoimmune T1D: A paradigm shift in disease management

Importance of early screening for autoimmune T1D in children and adolescents

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