Consensus guidance for monitoring patients
UK (BSPED) and international (ISPAD) guidance for adult and paediatric patients recommend regular glycaemic monitoring in all patients who have tested positive for islet autoantibodies (AAbs).1–3
For patients who test positive for single or multiple AAbs:1–3
- Confirm AAb positivity on two different assays from two separate samples
- Provide education on diabetes symptoms, DKA awareness, and importance of glycaemic monitoring
Guidance for monitoring adult patients (≥18 years):2
Adapted from the 'Consensus Guidance for Monitoring Individuals With Islet Autoantibody-Positive Pre-Stage 3 Type 1 Diabetes', endorsed by ISPAD. Please refer to the full Consensus Guidance for additional information on monitoring.2
Guidance for monitoring paediatric patients (≤17 years):3
Adapted from 'UK best practice recommendations for children and young people <18 years with pre-stage 3 type 1 diabetes', developed by BSPED.3
Please refer to the full guidance for additional information on monitoring.
SNOMED diagnostic codes
Pre-symptomatic T1D (Stage 1 and 2) can be captured on a patient's electronic health record, using a unique SNOMED (Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine) code. Utilisation of this code could unlock better monitoring, follow-up, and education for people in the earliest stages of autoimmune T1D.4
Pre-symptomatic autoimmune T1D (Stages 1 and 2):
1290118005
Stage 3 autoimmune T1D:
46635009
Get in Touch with Us
Questions? Leave your details and we'll reach out to you at your preferred time.
Get in touchINDICATION: TZIELD is indicated to delay the onset of Stage 3 T1D in adult and paediatric patients 8 years of age and older with Stage 2 T1D.5
*High-risk patients are patients with one or more of the following: first-degree relative with TID, elevated genetic risk for T1D if tested, dysglycaemia (e.g. impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance), or history of stress hyperglycaemia.2
AAb, autoantibody; BSPED, British Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes; CGM, continuous glucose monitor; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; ISPAD, International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; SNOMED, Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine; T1D, Type 1 diabetes.
- Haller MJ, et al. Horm Res Paediatr. 2024; 97(6): 529–545.
- Phillip M, et al. Diabetes Care. 2024; 47(8): 1276–1298.
- Besser REJ, et al; BSPED. Diabet Med. 2025; 42(11): e70117.
- University of Birmingham. Launch of new international medical code for presymptomatic type 1 diabetes. 2024. Available at: https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/2024/launch-of-new-international-medical-code-for-presymptomatic-type-1-diabetes. Accessed June 2026.
- TZIELD® (teplizumab) UK Summary of Product Characteristics.
MAT-XU-2500763 (v2.0) | June 2026