<h2>What is the burden of influenza for at-risk patients?</h2>

Some people may be at increased risk of influenza-related complications, including:1

Adults aged 65 + years

Those with underlying health conditions

Pregnant women

Babies and children

Flu vaccination is an essential part of helping protect communities29

<h2>What are the complications associated with the burden of Influenza?</h2>

<h3>Influenza may trigger other unwanted health complications for patients</h3>
Evidence indicates that influenza may trigger severe cardiovascular complications beyond respiratory infection.7
A self-controlled case series study conducted in Scotland showed that adults aged 40 years and older (median age 68), without a history of heart attack or stroke, were at a significantly increased risk of severe cardiovascular complications in the 1–3 days following a confirmed influenza infection.7

<h3>In the 1–3 days following a laboratory-confirmed influenza infection:a</h3>

Risk of having&nbsp;a heart attack7

Risk of having&nbsp;a stroke7

aIn a self-controlled case series study&nbsp;(based on a population in Scotland 2004-2014) conducted on a database of adults aged ≥ 40 years with ~90% of the study population aged 50 years and older. In the 1–3 days following a laboratory-confirmed influenza infection versus unexpected or baseline time periods.

CI, confidence interval; IR, incidence ratio.

<h2>Hospitalisations and economic burden of influenza</h2>
Influenza has an associated impact on healthcare costs and resources.
Influenza may have a considerable burden on secondary healthcare systems.30

Hospital admissions during the 2018/19 influenza season had associated medical costs of £99,565,310.1&nbsp;The highest costs were found to be associated with patients aged 65+ years.30

Certain groups may create increased pressure as they are more likely to experience a longer and more severe illness. During the 2018/19 influenza season:30

<table cellpadding="20" cellspacing="1" style="width:100%;">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td style="background-color: rgb(122, 0, 230);">&lt;65 years</td>
 <td style="background-color: rgb(122, 0, 230);">
 75+ years</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="background-color: rgb(245, 247, 251);">
 Costs per hospitalisation:&nbsp;~£1,900</td>
 <td style="background-color: rgb(245, 247, 251);">
 Costs per hospitalisation: ~£3,700</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="background-color: rgb(245, 247, 251);">
 Average length of stay: 4.74 days</td>
 <td style="background-color: rgb(245, 247, 251);">
 Average length of stay: 12.55 days</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="background-color: rgb(245, 247, 251);">
 Mortality:&nbsp;1.83%</td>
 <td style="background-color: rgb(245, 247, 251);">
 Mortality:&nbsp;11.18%</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

Every year, millions of cases of influenza are recorded worldwide.

INFLUENZA

VACCINES

Burden of Influenza

This is intended for HCPs practising in Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) only.
<a href="${link:{uuid:{b396cd3c-8152-48f5-ae78-06924624d39e},repository:{dam},path:{/Portal/UK/Prescribing-links/Supemtek-PI-GB-April-2023.pdf}}}" target="_blank">Supemtek®</a>▼<a href="${link:{uuid:{b396cd3c-8152-48f5-ae78-06924624d39e},repository:{dam},path:{/Portal/UK/Prescribing-links/Supemtek-PI-GB-April-2023.pdf}}}" target="_blank">Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine (recombinant, prepared in cell culture) Prescribing Information</a>
In October 2020, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) published the results of a systematic literature review to assess the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of enhanced inactivated flu vaccines (versus standard-dose or placebo) for the prevention of laboratory-confirmed influenza in adults ≥18 years of age.1
Only direct comparisons versus traditional vaccines were considered in the review as indirect comparisons were considered to be typically underpowered to detect differences in effect in this context.1

<h2>Methods of the ECDC systematic literature review</h2>
A systematic literature review of records published across MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and The Cochrane Library, up to 7 February 2020, was conducted. Randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies of interventions were eligible for inclusion and publications were screened for relevance by two independent reviewers. Where two or more studies reported the same outcomes, results were pooled. Evidence quality was graded using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology (Figure 1).1

Figure 1: ECDC systematic review to assess the effectiveness and safety of enhanced inactivated influenza vaccines: methods.

<h2>Results of the ECDC systematic literature review for recombinant haemagglutinin vaccines1</h2>
Evidence reviewed was the two pivotal&nbsp;<a href="${link:{uuid:{1b34dd78-c3db-424c-997c-a35cbbf1e482},repository:{products},path:{/UK/supemtek}}}" target="_self">Supemtek</a>&nbsp;clinical trials versus standard-dose egg-based quadrivalent flu vaccine.

<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="20" cellspacing="1" style="width:100%;">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td style="background-color: rgb(82, 93, 163);">Protection*</td>
 <td style="background-color: rgb(82, 93, 163);">Safety profile</td>
 <td style="background-color: rgb(82, 93, 163);">Evidence†</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>“...Studies appear to suggest that recombinant HA vaccines may offer better protection than no vaccination or standard influenza vaccines, with some possible cross-protection to drift variants”</td>
 <td>“...Findings of this review suggest that the safety profile of recombinant HA vaccines is largely similar to that of traditional influenza vaccines in terms of local and systemic effects (low-moderate certainty evidence)”</td>
 <td>“...Data related to efficacy or effectiveness for recombinant HA vaccines were limited to two efficacy randomised controlled trials”</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

*Versus traditional standard-dose quadrivalent influenza vaccination (QIVe) in adults ≥50 years of age.
†Trial 1 Randomised controlled trial to evaluate the protective efficacy of Supemtek (n=4,301) (45 µg of recombinant HA per strain, 180 µg of protein per dose) versus standard-dose egg-based quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIVe) (n=4,303) (15 µg of HA per strain, 60 µg of protein per dose) during the 2014/15 influenza season. Primary endpoint: relative vaccine efficacy (rVE) against RT-PCR-confirmed, protocol-defined, influenza-like illness caused by any influenza strain starting 14 days or more after vaccination in adults aged 50+ years. The study was designed to demonstrate non-inferiority of Supemtek in terms of rVE. Trial 2: Observer-blind, randomised, active-controlled trial to evaluate immunogenicity of Supemtek (n=998) versus standard-dose QIVe (n=332) during the 2014/15 influenza season. Co-primary endpoints: non-inferiority of HA inhibition (HAI) seroconversion rates (SCRs) and post-vaccination geometric mean titre (GMT) ratios for each antigen in ambulatory, medically stable adults 18–49 years of age.2,3

<h3>Abbreviations</h3>

An ECDC systematic literature review of the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of enhanced inactivated flu vaccines.

Enhanced Inactivated Flu Vaccines

This is intended for HCPs practising in Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) only.
<a href="${link:{uuid:{b396cd3c-8152-48f5-ae78-06924624d39e},repository:{dam},path:{/Portal/UK/Prescribing-links/Supemtek-PI-GB-April-2023.pdf}}}">Supemtek®</a>▼<a href="${link:{uuid:{b396cd3c-8152-48f5-ae78-06924624d39e},repository:{dam},path:{/Portal/UK/Prescribing-links/Supemtek-PI-GB-April-2023.pdf}}}">(Quadrivalent recombinant Influenza Vaccine, prepared in cell-culture) Prescribing Information</a>

Recombinant technology eliminates the possibility of adaptation or mutation by replicating only the haemagglutinin (HA) antigen, directly from a genetic sequence. The resulting antigens are an exact genetic match to the target strain.2,3
In the production of <a href="${link:{uuid:{1b34dd78-c3db-424c-997c-a35cbbf1e482},repository:{products},path:{/UK/supemtek}}}">Supemtek</a>, the HA antigen DNA for each World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended influenza strain is combined with host cell DNA.1,3 Because only the DNA for each influenza antigen is used, there is no live virus replication during the recombinant process.3
<a href="${link:{uuid:{1b34dd78-c3db-424c-997c-a35cbbf1e482},repository:{products},path:{/UK/supemtek}}}">Supemtek</a><a href="https://d2b918c201921t.cloudfront.net/hcp-portal-uk/uk/products/vaccines/influenza/supemtek"> </a>contains 3x more HA antigen (45 μg versus 15 μg) per strain, compared with cell- and egg-based standard-dose quadrivalent influenza vaccines.2
Discover more about how <a href="${link:{uuid:{1b34dd78-c3db-424c-997c-a35cbbf1e482},repository:{products},path:{/UK/supemtek}}}">Supemtek</a>, our recombinant flu vaccine, is manufactured:&nbsp;

&nbsp;Learn more about the advancements in influenza vaccine manufacturing technology.

Recombinant Flu Vaccine


<h2>Recombinant technology generates HA antigens that are an exact genetic match to the target strains2,3</h2>

This eliminates the possibility of adaptation or mutation.2,3
According to evidence gathered over previous flu seasons, influenza vaccine effectiveness against A/H3N2 influenza viruses may have been lower than against other influenza strains. This may be due to egg adaptation, resulting in an antigenic mismatch between the vaccine strain and strains circulating during a particular influenza season.5–8

Abbreviations

Learn more about the advancements in influenza vaccine manufacturing technology.

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Influenza

Latest Articles

Burden of Influenza

Enhanced Inactivated Flu Vaccines

Recombinant Flu Vaccine