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Prescribing Information

T1D is an autoimmune disease that can affect anyone irrespective of age or family history1-4

However, people with certain family and personal history of autoimmunity may be at an increased risk of developing T1D.4,5

Risk factors for autoimmune T1D

 

Family history

Most people with autoimmune T1D have no family history of the condition

Early detection of autoimmune T1D:

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~90% of new diagnoses

occur in people without a first-degree relative with autoimmune T1D, based on European registry data.*6

However, individuals with a family history of autoimmune T1D are at a greater risk of developing it, compared to the general population7

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A child's risk is doubled if their parent developed autoimmune T1D before age 11 vs the risk if their parent developed autoimmune T1D after age 118,9

People with a first-degree relative with autoimmune T1D have up to

15x higher lifetime risk of developing the condition

compared to the general population7

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Familial risk doesn't end at first-degree relatives. For people who have a second-degree relative with autoimmune T1D, the risk is doubled†10-12

Autoimmune disorders

There is a high co-occurence between autoimmune T1D and other autoimmune conditions13,14

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Coeliac disease and autoimmune thyroid diseases are associated with increased risk of autoimmune T1D‡13,15,16

17-30%

of patients with autoimmune T1D also have an autoimmune thyroid disease5

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Having a first-degree relative with other autoimmune conditions may increase the likelihood of autoimmune T1D development17

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People with hyperthyroidism (including Graves' disease) and hypothyroidism (including Hashimoto's thyroiditis) are at

2-3x

increased risk of autoimmune T1D§18

Jack, 25

Those with relatives who have T1D

  • Recently married, with plans to start a family
  • Works full-time as an electrician
  • Leads an active lifestyle and enjoys travelling in his free time
  • His 54-year-old mother has T1D
  • Unaware that his risk of developing T1D remains present as an adult

 

PROACTIVELY TEST FOR AUTOIMMUNE T1D IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN WHO HAVE A FIRST- OR SECOND-DEGREE RELATIVE ALREADY DIAGNOSED WITH THE CONDITION19

Fictional patient profile. Not an actual patient.

Theresa, 49

Those with select autoimmune diseases

  • Married with three children
  • Works full-time in a fast-paced environment as a hospital pharmacist
  • On hormone therapy for Hashimoto's disease

 

PROACTIVELY TEST FOR AUTOIMMUNE T1D IN PATIENTS LIVING WITH ANOTHER AUTOIMMUNE CONDITION, SUCH AS COELIAC DISEASE, HASHIMOTO'S THYROIDITIS, OR GRAVES' DISEASE19

Fictional patient profile. Not an actual patient.

Katie, 10

Those with a family history of autoimmune diseases

  • Enjoys sport both in and out of school, competing in netball and athletics
  • No visible health concerns
  • Dad was diagnosed with coeliac disease aged 14
  • Parents are unaware of Katie's risk of developing autoimmune T1D

 

PROACTIVELY TEST FOR AUTOIMMUNE T1D IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN WHO HAVE A FIRST-DEGREE RELATIVE LIVING WITH AN AUTOIMMUNE CONDITION19

Fictional patient profile. Not an actual patient.

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INDICATION: TZIELD is indicated to delay the onset of Stage 3 T1D in adult and paediatric patients 8 years of age and older with Stage 2 T1D.20

*From a population-based observational study of 57,371 young people with autoimmune T1D across Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Luxembourg, using data from the Diabetes Prospective Follow-up Registry between 1995 and 2018. 93.4% had no first-degree relative with T1D vs 6.6% who had a first-degree relative with T1D.6
†Compared to the general population or calculated relative risk.10-12
‡While autoimmune conditions like coeliac disease and autoimmune thyroid disease are associated with increased risk of autoimmune T1D, the risk of developing additional autoimmune conditions is particularly elevated in individuals already diagnosed with autoimmune T1D.13,15,16
§From a retrospective, observational, matched-cohort study based on real-world data from the Optum Clinformatics claims database. Of those with hypothyroidism, T1D developed in 0.16% (n=118/74,095) compared to 0.05% (n=38/74,095) of controls. Of those with hyperthyroidism, T1D developed in 0.17% (n=281/164,830) compared to 0.06% (n=99/164,830) of controls.18

T1D, Type 1 diabetes.

  1. Fang M, et al. Ann Intern Med. 2023; 176(11): 1567–1568.
  2. Hormazabal-Aguayo I, et al. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2024; 40(3): e3749.
  3. Ogle GD, et al. Type 1 diabetes estimates in children and adults. IDF Atlas Reports 2022. Available at: https://www.diabetesatlas.org. Accessed November 2025.
  4. Haller MJ, et al. Horm Res Paediatr. 2024; 97(6): 529–545.
  5. Popoviciu MS, et al. J Pers Med. 2023; 13(3): 422.
  6. Karges B, et al. Diabetes Care. 2021; 44(5): 1116–1124.
  7. Besser REJ, et al. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022; 23(8): 1175–1187.
  8. American Diabetes Association. Learn the genetics of diabetes. Available at: https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/genetics-diabetes. Accessed November 2025.
  9. el-Hashimy M, et al. Diabetes. 1995; 44(3): 295–299.
  10. Weires MB, et al. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2007; 115(10): 634–640.
  11. Parkkola A, et al. Diabetes Care. 2013; 36(2): 348–354.
  12. Allen C, et al. Diabetes. 1991; 40(7): 831–836.
  13. Barker JM. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 91(4): 1210–1217.
  14. Głowińska-Olszewska B, et al. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020; 11: 476.
  15. Ludvigsson JF, et al. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29(11): 2483–2488.
  16. Skov J, et al. Eur J Endocrinol. 2022; 186(6): 677–685.
  17. Cárdenas-Roldán J, et al. BMC Med. 2013; 11: 73.
  18. Edelman S, et al. Risk of developing type 1 diabetes in individuals with other autoimmune conditions. Abstract presented at: 60th EASD Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes; September 9–13, 2024; Madrid, Spain. Session OP 19, Abstract 114.
  19. Leichter SB, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2025; 110(8): 2371–2382.
  20. TZIELD® (teplizumab) UK Summary of Product Characteristics. 2025.

MAT-XU-2500761 (v1.0) | November 2025