HYPERTENSION

CARDIOLOGY

Hypertension - The Most Important Disease in Medicine II

Professor Andrew SP Sharp further explains the importance of Hypertension as a disease in Medicine

<h2>What are LSDs?</h2>
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are rare genetic conditions that cause a buildup of toxic materials in your body’s cells due to enzyme deficiency. LSDs can affect organs such as the brain, spleen, liver, heart, bones, and muscles, which varies depending on the specific disorder.1 
 While there is no cure for LSDs, early diagnosis is essential to both maximize potential improvement and prevent irreversible organ damage.2

<h3>What causes LSDs?</h3>
Enzymes are a type of protein that break down certain fats or sugars and assists your cells’ lysosomes with metabolism. Genetic pathogenic variants in the gene encoding an enzyme cause most LSDs. This pathogenic variant leads to accumulation of fats and sugars in cell lysosomes, which disrupts normal function and can cause damage throughout the body.1,3

<h3>How are LSDs diagnosed?</h3>
Healthcare providers can diagnose LSDs during pregnancy or in children and adults using several diagnostic tests, including enzyme testing and genetic testing.4

<h3>What treatments are available?</h3>
Treatment of LSDs varies depending on the substances that accumulate. There is currently no cure for LSDs, but several therapeutic options exist including enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), substrate reduction therapy (SRT), chaperone therapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).

<h3>Types of LSDs worldwide incidence of LSDs 1 in 1,500 to 7,000 live births across &gt;50 different diseases2</h3>
Inherited 
 The majority of LSDs are inherited through an autosomal recessive manner. The three exceptions are X-linked: Fabry disease, Hunter syndrome, and Danon disease.2
Select examples of LSDs

<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 1120px;">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Disease</td>
 <td>Missing Enzyme</td>
 <td>Accumulating substance</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>ASMD</td>
 <td>acid sphingomyelinase</td>
 <td>sphingomyelin</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fabry disease</td>
 <td>α-galactosidase A</td>
 <td>globotriaosylceramide (GL-3)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gaucher disease</td>
 <td>glucocerebrosidase</td>
 <td>glucocerebroside</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>GM2 gangliosidoses</td>
 <td>β-hexosaminidase</td>
 <td>GM2 ganglioside</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MPS I</td>
 <td>α-L- iduronidase</td>
 <td>glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MPS II</td>
 <td>iduronate-2-sulfatase</td>
 <td>glycosaminoglycans</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Pompe disease</td>
 <td>acid α-glucosidase</td>
 <td>
 glycogen</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

References

<h2>Understanding&nbsp;ASMD</h2>
Historically known as Niemann-Pick disease types A, A/B, and B, acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) is a potentially lifethreatening LSD that affects pediatric and adult patients. Deficiency in acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) enzyme activity leads to intracellular sphingomyelin accumulation that results in progressive multiorgan damage. ASMD represents a wide clinical spectrum of disease.1

Anna, Living with ASMD disease, Brazil

<h3>Genetic Profile</h3>
ASMD is an autosomal recessive LSD caused by pathogenic variants in the ASM enzyme–encoding&nbsp;gene sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1).
Sphingomyelin helps regulate cellular processes, such as cell cycle regulation, cell signaling, and apoptosis.
When ASM activity is deficient, sphingomyelin cannot be sufficiently metabolized; it accumulates in lysosomes, particularly in macrophages and hepatocytes. This accumulation damages cells in multiple organs, leading to potentially life-threatening complications.
Males and females have an equal chance of being affected4

Type A 
 Historically known as Niemann-Pick disease type A (NPA) or infantile neurovisceral ASMD
<ul>
 <li>Onset: Early Infancy</li>
 <li>Phenotype: Rapidly progressive with acute multiorgan manifestations and neurodegeneration</li>
 <li>Life Expectancy: 2 to 3 years of age</li>
</ul>

Type A/B 
 Historically known as Niemann- Pick disease type A/B (NPA/B) or chronic neurovisceral ASMD
<ul>
 <li>Onset: Infancy to childhood</li>
 <li>Phenotype: Variably progressive with multiorgan manifestations and differing degrees of neurologic involvement</li>
 <li>Life Expectancy: Between early childhood and adulthood</li>
</ul>

Type B 
 Historically known as Niemann- Pick disease type B (NPB) or chronic visceral ASMD
<ul>
 <li>Onset: Infancy to childhood</li>
 <li>Phenotype: Chronic with multiorgan manifestations and no or only minor neurologic involvement</li>
 <li>Life Expectancy: Between childhood and late adulthood</li>
</ul>

<h3>Importance of Early Diagnosis</h3>
The rarity of ASMD, heterogeneity of its manifestations, and challenging differential diagnosis can result in delayed diagnosis and management of patients.
Early diagnosis of ASMD is critical for appropriate management.
Identifying known disease-causing alleles of ASMD allows for
<ol>
 <li>Individual genetic counseling</li>
 <li>Carrier screening for at-risk individuals</li>
 <li>Family planning</li>
</ol>

<h3>How to diagnose</h3>
A simple enzyme activity test can be performed on a DBS (dried blood spot) to indicate reduced ASM activity.
A positive DBS enzyme assay is highly indicative of ASMD, but an analysis from a whole blood sample and/or genetic testing is required to confirm the diagnosis.5

<h2>Understanding Fabry Disease</h2>
Fabry disease is a rare lysosomal storage disorder in which a deficiency of α-galactosidase A (α -Gal A) causes globotriaosylceramide (GL-3) and other substrates to accumulate in multiple cell types.1,2Accumulation of GL-3 can lead to progressive cell damage, fibrosis, pain, organ failure, and eventually, premature death if left untreated.3,4

Emma &amp; Signe, Living with Fabry disease, Denmark

<h3>Genetic Profile</h3>
Fabry is inherited in an X-linked manner. This gives females a greater chance of being affected.5&nbsp;There are over 770 pathogenic variants in the GLA gene that have been reported and they can vary in age of onset, rate of progression, organ involvement, and disease severity.1,15
<h3>Importance of Early Diagnosis</h3>
The average time from symptom onset to diagnosis is 15 years for males and 18 years for females.14&nbsp;The large delay in diagnosis is due in part to the nonspecific nature of early symptoms, heterogeneous phenotypes, and lack of disease awareness.1&nbsp;Fabry Disease is progressive and can lead to irreversible damage to major body organs. Early diagnosis is very important as it provides an opportunity to intervene early and avoid irreversible organ damage.1

<h3>How to diagnose</h3>
An initial diagnosis for Fabry Disease can be made through an α-GAL enzyme assay. This can be an enzyme assay using plasma, leukocytes or skin cultured cells. Another common and easy way to test for α-GAL activity is a DBS (dried blood spot) assay.12
Enzyme assays that show a reduced or absent level of α-GAL should be followed up through a DNA analysis to confirm diagnosis and identify the specific GLA gene mutation. Plasma lyso- GL3 can also be used as a biomarker to confirm diagnosis of Fabry Disease, especially in male patients.17
Genetic testing and counseling should be offered to all relevant family members.13

<h3>Inheritance pattern</h3>
X-linked Inheritance

GLA&nbsp;mutation
No&nbsp;GLA&nbsp;mutation
Affected mothers have a 50% risk of passing along the defective gene (Xr) to their children, regardless of gender

<h3>Time to diagnosis</h3>
Male and female patients in the Fabry Registry were diagnosed 15 and 18 years, respectively, after onset of first symptoms1

<h2>Understanding Gaucher Disease</h2>
Gaucher disease (pronounced go-shay) is the most common lysosomal storage disorder. It is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Insufficient enzyme activity in Gaucher patients results in progressive accumulation of glucocerebroside in the macrophages. Clinical symptoms arise due to the displacement of normal cells by lipid engorged Gaucher cells. Accumulation occurs in organs throughout the body, typically the bone marrow, liver, and spleen.1,2,3

Pawan, Living with Gaucher disease, India

<h3>Genetic Profile</h3>
Gaucher disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. If both parents are carriers of the diseasecausing allele, their child has a 25% chance of being affected with Gaucher disease. Males and females have an equal chance of being affected.3,6
More than 480 pathogenic variants in the GBA gene are associated with Gaucher disease. N370S [N409S], L444P [L483P], 84GG, and IVS2+1 are the most common pathogenic variants of the GBA gene.8
Homozygosity for L444P (c.1448T&gt;C) is associated with neuronopathic form of the disease and occurs in more than 70% of GD3 patients.8&nbsp;Worldwide prevalence of neuronopathic Gaucher disease varies substantially by region: East Asia and Middle East 12- 55%, North America and Europe 5%.9-12

<h3>Importance of Early Diagnosis</h3>
Delays in diagnosis of Gaucher disease are common. A patient with Gaucher disease may experience a delay of up to 10 years.7 
 Gaucher disease is progressive, yet almost 25% of patients do not get timely access to appropriate disease management because of delays in diagnosis.2

<h3>How to diagnose</h3>
A simple enzyme activity test can be performed on a DBS (dried blood spot).
A positive DBS enzyme assay is highly indicative of Gaucher disease, but an analysis from a whole blood sample is required to confirm the diagnosis.7

<h3>Phenotypes of Gaucher Disease</h3>
PATTERN Gaucher disease is a phenotypic continuum with a spectrum of clinical presentations.13,14&nbsp;Symptoms can present in early childhood in a severe form or in adulthood in a mild form.4

<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 1120px;">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>
 &nbsp;</td>
 <td>TYPE 1 
 Non-neuronopathic</td>
 <td>TYPE 2 
 Acute neuronopathic</td>
 <td>TYPE 3 
 Chronic neuronopathic</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Neurological effects</td>
 <td>None</td>
 <td>Severe</td>
 <td>Moderate to severe</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Symptom onset</td>
 <td>Any age</td>
 <td>First year of life</td>
 <td>Childhood</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Course</td>
 <td>Progressive</td>
 <td>Rapidly progressive</td>
 <td>Progressive</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

<h2>Understanding GM2 Gangliosidoses</h2>
GM2 gangliosidoses comprise rare, neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders, primarily Tay-Sachs disease and Sandhoff disease, caused by deficiency of β-hexosaminidase.
Accumulation of GM2 occurs primarily within neurons and progressively destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, leading to neurodegenerative symptoms.1,2,3

Zoe, Living with GM2 gangliosidoses, USA

Late-onset forms of the disease include debilitating and progressive proximal muscle weakness and imbalance.18

<h3>Genetic Profile</h3>
GM2 gangliosidoses are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. If both parents are carriers of the disease-causing allele, their child has a 25% chance of being affected. 
 Males and females have an equal chance of being affected.17
<h3>Importance of Early Diagnosis</h3>
The average time from symptom onset to diagnosis for late-onset GM2 gangliosidoses is 16 years. The large delay in diagnosis is due in part to the nonspecific nature of early symptoms and lack of disease awareness. GM2 gangliosidoses are progressive and can lead to irreversible damage to major body organs.18

<h3>Clinical subtypes of GM2 gangliosidoses10,13-15</h3>
Subtypes of GM2 gangliosidoses are categorized according to age at onset.

Infantile onset: 0−2 years
Infantile form is aggressive and leads to premature death at approximately 4 years of age

Juvenile onset: 2−10 years
Death is likely mid-to late-teens

Late-onset: teens to early adulthood
Variable clinical course and life expectancy

<h3>How to diagnose</h3>
Diagnosis of GM2 gangliosidoses can be accomplished by measurement of Hex A or Hex B enzyme activity.
Confirmatory diagnosis is recommended by detection of two pathogenic variants in&nbsp;HEXA&nbsp;or&nbsp;HEXB&nbsp;.16

<h3>Incidence and high-risk populations</h3>
Incidence is likely to be underestimated due to misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis resulting from limited disease awareness.4-12
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:1120px;">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;">Incidence</td>
 <td>Carrier frequency</td>
 <td>High risk populations</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tay-Sachs disease</td>
 <td>
 <ul>
 <li>1 in 320,000 in general population</li>
 <li>1 in 3900 births in unscreened Jewish populations</li>
 </ul></td>
 <td>
 <ul>
 <li>1 in 300 in general population</li>
 <li>1 in 30 in Ashkenazi Jewish</li>
 <li>1 in 14 in French Canadian</li>
 </ul></td>
 <td>
 <ul>
 <li>Ashkenazi Jewish</li>
 <li>French Canadian</li>
 <li>Irish</li>
 <li>Pennsylvania Dutch (old order Amish)</li>
 <li>Cajun communities (e.g., Louisiana)</li>
 </ul></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sandhoff disease</td>
 <td>
 <ul>
 <li>1 in 422,000</li>
 </ul></td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>
 <ul>
 <li>No ethnic association</li>
 </ul></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

<h2>Understanding MPS I</h2>
The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of rare, genetic disorders caused by the absence or malfunctioning of lysosomal enzymes needed to break down storage molecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).1
MPS I, one of the seven types of MPS, results from deficiency of α-L-iduronidase (IDUA) due to pathogenic variants in the IDUA gene.1

Kali, Living with MPS I, USA

<h3>Genetic Profile</h3>
MPS I is an autosomal recessive disorder; over 250 pathogenic variants have been described in the literature.1,4
Genotype - phenotype correlations have been established for some pathogenic variants, but others are novel.5
There is a higher prevalence of severe MPS I in the Irish Traveller Community, due to homozygous W402X pathogenic variants.6

<h3>Importance of Early Diagnosis</h3>
Diagnosis of MPS I is often delayed, due to the non-specific nature of symptoms.9&nbsp;Early diagnosis and intervention is essential to prevent or minimize irreversible organ damage an improve long-term clinical outcomes.10
Diagnosis of Family screening can help siblings of those with MPS I receive an accurate diagnosis and early management.11&nbsp;MPS I newborn screening has gained increasing importance as the evidence base for early intervention and improved outcomes has been clearly demonstrated.8

<div>
 <table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 1120px;">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>
 Severe → Attenuated
 MPS I presents as a&nbsp;disease spectrum,&nbsp;ranging from the severe phenotype to the attenuated phenotype2</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 &nbsp;
</div>

<h3>How to diagnose</h3>
A simple urine test to look for abnormally high levels of GAGs (heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate) can be ordered.1
Diagnosis is confirmed via enzyme assay and genetic testing.2,9

<h3>Inheritance Pattern</h3>
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

<h3>For more information</h3>
<a href="https://www.mps1disease.com/" target="_blank">https://www.mps1disease.com/</a> <a href="https://mpssociety.org/" target="_blank">https://mpssociety.org/</a> <a href="https://www.mpsreference.eu/" target="_blank">https://www.mpsreference.eu/</a>

<h2>Understanding MPS II</h2>
The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of rare, genetic disorders caused by the absence or malfunctioning of lysosomal enzymes needed to break down storage molecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).1
MPS II, also known as Hunter Syndrome, one of the seven types of MPS, results from deficiency of iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) due to the pathogenic variants in the IDS gene.1

David, Living with MPS II, Australia

<h3>Genetic Profile</h3>
MPS II is an X-linked recessive disorder that almost exclusively affects males.1
Heterozygous MPS II females (carriers) are generally asymptomatic or not heavily affected.1
More than 300 pathogenic variants in the IDS gene have been reported. Genotype – phenotype correlations are difficult to establish, but if established, help to better understand the disease.6
Pathogenic variants that result in complete absence of IDS activity lead to a severe phenotype.1,6

<h3>Importance of Early Diagnosis</h3>
Diagnosis of MPS II is often delayed, due to the non-specific nature of symptoms.7&nbsp;Early diagnosis and intervention is essential to prevent or minimize irreversible organ damage and improve long-term clinical outcomes.7
MPS II newborn screening has gained increasing importance as the evidence base for early intervention and improved outcomes has been clearly demonstrated.8

<div>
 <table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 1120px;">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>
 Severe → Attenuated
 MPS II presents as a&nbsp;disease spectrum,&nbsp;ranging from the severe (neuronopathic) phenotype to the attenuated (non-neuronopathic) phenotype.3</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
</div>
<h3>How to diagnose</h3>
A simple urine test to look for abnormally high levels of GAGs (heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate) can be ordered.1
Diagnosis is confirmed via enzyme assay and genetic testing.9

<h3>Inheritance Pattern</h3>
X-Linked Recessive Inheritance

Affected mothers have a 50% risk of passing along the defective gene (Xr) to their children, regardless of gender

<h3>For more information</h3>
<a href="https://mpssociety.org/" target="_blank">https://mpssociety.org/</a> <a href="https://www.mpsreference.eu/" target="_blank">https://www.mpsreference.eu/</a>

<h2>Understanding Infantile-onset Pompe Disease</h2>
Pompe disease is a progressive, multi-systemic, debilitating, and often life-threatening neuromuscular disorder. Pompe disease is caused by the absence or deficiency of the enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), which is responsible for the breakdown of glycogen inside the cells. Without sufficient GAA enzyme, glycogen accumulates primarily in muscle cells, which leads to progressive loss of muscle function. Infantileonset Pompe disease (IOPD) is rapidly progressing and usually presents within the first months of life. If left untreated, IOPD is often fatal before age 1.1

Arathi, Living with Pompe disease, India

<h3>Genetic Profile</h3>
IOPD is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The GAA gene can have a spectrum of variants that lead to differing amounts of GAA enzyme activity.1&nbsp;Variants that leave little to no GAA enzyme activity (&lt;1% of normal) manifest as the infantile onset form of Pompe disease.2

<h3>Importance of Early Diagnosis</h3>
IOPD is rapidly progressing and early diagnosis can be crucial in providing supporting therapy. Delays in diagnosis of IOPD correlate with respiratory failure, profound motor impairment, and death.6
Newborn screening for Pompe disease can readily identify patients with IOPD. This allows immediate diagnosis and can lead to improving survival and outcomes.7
<h3>How to diagnose</h3>
A relatively quick, simple, and minimally invasive way to screen for Pompe disease is the DBS (dried blood spot) enzyme assay. A DBS is able to detect low or absent levels of the GAA enzyme.3&nbsp;Reduced GAA enzyme activity should always be followed with a second blood sample and/ or GAA gene sequencing to confirm diagnosis of Pompe disease.3

<h3>Pathogenic GAA variants can predict clinical phenotype</h3>

<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 1120px;">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>IOPD</td>
 <td>LOPD</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Age of onset</td>
 <td>Infancy</td>
 <td>Infancy - adulthood</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Progression</td>
 <td>Rapid</td>
 <td>Varying</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Predominant symptoms</td>
 <td>Respiratory distress, hypotonia, muscle weakness, cardiomyopathy</td>
 <td>
 Progressive proximal muscle weakness, respiratory deficit</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

<h2>Understanding Late-onset Pompe Disease</h2>
Pompe disease is a progressive, multi-systemic, debilitating, and often life-threatening neuromuscular disorder. Pompe disease is caused by the absence or deficiency of the enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), which is responsible for the breakdown of glycogen inside the cells. Without sufficient GAA enzyme, glycogen accumulates primarily in muscle cells, which leads to progressive loss of muscle function.1&nbsp;Late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD) has a less rapid and more variable disease course, where symptoms may begin anywhere from infancy to adulthood.1

Andrea, Living with Pompe disease, Denmark

<h3>Genetic Profile</h3>
LOPD is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The GAA gene can have a spectrum of variants that lead to differing amounts of GAA enzyme activity.1&nbsp;The pathogenic variants that leave low to moderate GAA enzyme activity (1-40% of normal) manifest as the less rapid form of Pompe disease, LOPD.8

<h3>Importance of Early Diagnosis</h3>
If treated early enough, muscle damage from glycogen accumulation can be reversible. However, if left untreated, it can lead to irreversible deterioration of skeletal and respiratory muscle, disability, and premature death. The initiation of an intervention is crucial in preventing further deterioration of respiratory function and muscle, and permanent disability.4
A person with LOPD may go several years before receiving a diagnosis. Newborn screening for Pompe disease can help diagnose patients before irreversible muscle damage occurs.7

<h3>How to diagnose</h3>
A relatively quick, simple, and minimally invasive way to screen for Pompe disease is the DBS (dried blood spot) enzyme assay. A DBS is able to detect low or absent levels of the GAA enzyme.9
Reduced GAA enzyme activity should always be followed with a second, blood sample and/ or GAA gene sequencing to confirm diagnosis of Pompe Disease.9

<h3>Genotype - Phenotype Correlation</h3>

<h2>Sanofi Rare Disease Registries Program</h2>
The Sanofi Registries program is a multi-center, international, longitudinal, observational program that tracks the natural history and outcomes of people with Gaucher, Fabry, MPS I or Pompe disease.

Each Registry is specifically centered around the disease and collects real-world data.

All patients with a confirmed diagnosis are eligible to participate, regardless of their therapy status and choice of treatment. Patients may be enrolled at any time during the course of their disease, including posthumously with ethics approval.

The Registry program is non-interventional and patients receive standard of care treatment as determined by their physicians.

The Registry collects:
<ul>
 <li>Retrospective and Prospective Data</li>
 <li>Disease Signs and Symptoms</li>
 <li>Treatment Information</li>
 <li>Clinical Assessments</li>
 <li>Patient Reported Outcomes</li>
 <li>Siblings Linkage</li>
</ul>

<h3>Global Reach of Sanofi Rare Disease Registries</h3>

4&nbsp;International Boards of Advisors

1&nbsp;Rare Disease Registries Patient Council

12&nbsp;Regional Boards of Advisors

<ul>
 <li>Fabry, Gaucher, MPS I, Pompe&nbsp;4 Main Registries</li>
 <li>8 Sub Registries</li>
 <li>More Than 19,000 Patients Enrolled</li>
 <li>Presence In Over 68 Countries</li>
 <li>Over 900 Participating Sites</li>
 <li>Support From More Than 1,280 HCPs</li>
</ul>

* ePRO = electronic Patient Reported Outcomes available to sites and via patient accounts where available with IRB/EC approval 
 ** Available in 2023 for Gaucher Registry participants and in development for the other Registries

<h3>Rare disease registries’ contributions</h3>
<ul>
 <li>Increasing disease knowledge</li>
 <li>Improving patient care</li>
 <li>Fulfilling regulatory requirements</li>
 <li>Supporting healthcare policy formulation</li>
 <li>Reimbursement and access to therapy</li>
 <li>Facilitating community connections</li>
</ul>

Reference

<h2>Supporting Sustainable Access</h2>
Sanofi’s Rare Humanitarian Program&nbsp;is the first humanitarian initiative and longest-running program of its kind for people with lysosomal storage disorders. The program is focused on providing access to free treatments for people who meet the program’s criteria, who otherwise would not have access to such treatments, as well as supporting patient diagnosis, treatment monitoring, patient advocacy and physician education.
<h3>Over 30 Years</h3>
Our Rare Humanitarian Program was established in 1991 when our first treatment for Gaucher disease was approved by the U.S. FDA. Since then, it has evolved and expanded to support six different lysosomal storage disorder communities across six continents.
<h3>A Focused Approach</h3>
Our global team partners with the patient community, physicians, and Sanofi affiliates to understand and address the needs of the people we serve.
<h3>Ensuring Sustainable Care</h3>
Our program serves as a resource when access to treatment is limited; support can last anywhere from several months to a decade or more.
Through this program...
<ul>
 <li>3,550+&nbsp;people in 100+ countries have received access to free therapy.</li>
 <li>1,050+&nbsp;people in 70+ countries are currently receiving access to free therapy.</li>
 <li>375+&nbsp;people have received access to free therapy for over 10 years.</li>
 <li>150+&nbsp;new people receive access to free therapy each year.</li>
</ul>

We believe our responsibility does not end with developing effective therapies. We are committed to ensuring sustainable access to approved treatments for patients with lysosomal storage disorders who meet the program’s criteria, regardless of their ability to pay.
Providing humanitarian support to the rare disease community is a vital element of our mission to improve patients’ lives.
It’s in our DNA.
<ul>
 <li>Our&nbsp;Rare Humanitarian Program often serves as a physician’s first experience in treating a lysosomal storage disorder patient.&nbsp;Outside of the program, Sanofi supports training and education for patient identification, understanding of treatment expectations and monitoring.</li>
 <li>Sanofi&nbsp;collaborates with local governments to help establish sustainable healthcare systems&nbsp;to care for the needs of patients with lysosomal storage disorders.</li>
 <li>Sanofi works closely with patient organizations to&nbsp;help raise awareness of the unique challenges&nbsp;having a lysosomal storage disorder brings and address their unmet needs.</li>
</ul>

An overview of Lysosomal Storage Disorders & Sanofi`s Commitment to the Development and Provision of Treatments

OTHER-RARE-DISEASE-TOPICS

RARE-DISEASE

Patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) endure a significant and multifaceted burden that worsens with disease severity1-4.
<ul>
 <li>
 The condition impacts their Quality of Life (QoL) and health-related QoL (HRQoL) due to recurring, debilitating symptoms 1-4.</li>
 <li>
 Additionally, CSU imposes a substantial financial and economic burden, further exacerbated by more severe cases5.</li>
</ul>

CU-Q2oL domain scores by disease severity42** ‡

Pruritus occurs spontaneously, with approximately 90% of patients experiencing it, and is the most affected domain of the CU-Q2oL6,9&nbsp;resulting in greater impairments in QoL, daily functioning, and sleep with increased prurituse6,7,10.
 Generalized pruritus, involving the entire body, is reported more frequently by patients with CSU than those with other chronic skin conditions7.

white

Pruritic wheals:
 
 &nbsp;
<ul>
 <li>CSU is usually characterized by the presence of red,&nbsp;superficial, pruritic wheals and flare-type skin reactions12&nbsp;that resolve and recur, migrating across the body12</li>
</ul>

Angioedema(Swelling of deep tissues):
&nbsp;
<ul>
 <li>Angioedema may present alone11&nbsp;or with wheals and is most frequently observed on the hands, face, and feet&nbsp;13.</li>
 <li>Angioedema may be life-threatening if it affects the patient's airway14.</li>
</ul>

Spontaneous and transient development of wheals is a typical symptom of CSU, which is often concomitant with angioedema, and leads to a meaningful burden for patients&nbsp;15,21.

Sudden, unpredictable,&nbsp;and&nbsp;transient&nbsp;outbreaks of wheals15

black

Visible&nbsp;lesions affecting&nbsp;numerous parts of the body&nbsp;(principally arms, legs, hands/ fingers and chest/abdomen)17

Daily recurrence for at least 6 weeks and often for many years16

Painful&nbsp;lesions associated with&nbsp;strong&nbsp;and&nbsp;persistent itching&nbsp;or&nbsp;burning&nbsp;sensation throughout the day15

Impact on Quality of Life

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) extends beyond its physical manifestations, profoundly impacting patients' emotional and psychological well-being22,23.
The persistent nature of CSU symptoms, including wheals and Angioedema, leads to significant distress that permeates various aspects of life.
Patients who experience concurrent wheals and angioedema represent approximately&nbsp;40%&nbsp;of CSU patients and often face a longer duration of disease with a higher impact on QoL than patients who experience wheals only20,21.

CU-Q2oL domain scores by disease severity

Sleep disturbances are a key result of CSU symptoms, such as chronic pruritus, and increase with disease severity

More than 50% of patients with CSU report sleep disturbances due to pruritus26,27, which often intensifies in the evenings and consequently affects other aspects of daily life, creating a vicious cycle of sleep problems25,28
Patients with CSU experience&nbsp;mental and emotional impairment, which increases with worsening disease severity and can disturb social interactions and lead to stigmatization&nbsp;29,32.
Compared with the general population, patients with CSU have a higher prevalence of diagnosed psychiatric disorders30,33.

Distribution of psychiatric diagnosis among CSU patients30**

Note:&nbsp;**Data from a cross-sectional study (N=159) in Turkey from January 1 to April 20, 2005, which was collected via SF-36, and the SCID-I

Many patients with CSU feel that their unpredictable / uncontrollable symptoms exclude them from a normal lifestyle and are a source of frustration&nbsp;31,32

90%&nbsp;of patients with CSU report that their&nbsp;symptoms place limitations&nbsp;on their normal physical activity, such as sports, hobbies, work, and sex31

75%&nbsp;of patients with CSU report&nbsp;having to miss out on social occasions&nbsp;because of their skin condition31

56%&nbsp;of patients with CSU report not&nbsp;having control over their symptoms31

48%&nbsp;of patients with CSU are&nbsp;unable to take part in usual social activities31

Financial Burden
The management of CSU imposes a financial burden on healthcare systems due to the increased number of physician visits, hospitalizations, and laboratory monitoring.
The economic burden is higher for patients with CSU than for individuals without CSU, due to increased healthcare visits and medication&nbsp;34,35.
The mean all-cause healthcare cost for patients with CSU was found to be over&nbsp;$9,000 per patient per year35.

Number of all-cause healthcare visits during the prior 6 months34 ¥

Mean annual healthcare costs by category in patients with CSU35&nbsp;‡

Notes: Data from the EU5 NHWS, which is a retrospective, cross-sectional study of patients who reported taking prescription medication for chronic hives identified as the proxy for patients with CSU (N=175,923) in the EU4 and in the UK in 2010, 2011 and 2013; *Difference between the groups was significant, p-value&lt;0.001;&nbsp;**p-value adjusted for violation of homogeneity of variance assumption;^Matched respondents to NHWS who had not experienced chronic urticaria;&nbsp;‡p-values not provided, data is from a retrospective, cross-sectional cohort studv (N=6.350) in the US usina an existina database of commercial health insurance claims in 2012;***Accountina for Prescription medication onlv. as OTC medication (which includes most H1-AH) was not available in the database analyzed
Annual healthcare costs of CSU, including outpatient visits, laboratory monitoring costs, and out-of-pocket expenses, increase with worsening disease severity36,37.

Annual direct healthcare costs by disease severity&nbsp;36*

As treatment many patients remain symptomatic despite, many seek alternative medical therapies which are generally not covered by their country's&nbsp;health insurances, resulting in additional out-of-pocket expenses for patients, estimated at&nbsp;$500-1,000/year37
Note:&nbsp;*Data from a Markov model consisting of health states based on UAS7 and additional states for relapse, spontaneous remission and death. Model cycle length was 4 weeks and the total model time horizon was 20 years in the base case. The model considered early discontinuation of non-responders (response: UAS7 ≤6) and retreatment upon relapse (relapse: UAS7 ≥16) for responders. Clinical and cost inputs were derived from omalizumab trials and published sources, and cost utility was expressed as ICERs. Scenario analyses included no early discontinuation of non-responders and an altered definition of response (UAS7 &lt;16)

The management of CSU imposes a financial burden on healthcare systems due to the increased number of physician visits, hospitalizations, and laboratory monitoring38,39.

Note:&nbsp;*p-value&lt;0.001;&nbsp;**p-value adjusted for violation of homogeneity of variance assumption;&nbsp;¥Data from the EU4 and UK NHWS, which is a retrospective, cross-sectional study of patients (N=175,923) in the EU4 and UK in 2010, 2011 and 2013; Ω CU is used as a proxy for CSU; Matching variables used in matching were year of survey, country, age, and sex. Covariates included cigarette smoking, BMI category, and CCI score;‡p-value not provided in literature; Data from a retrospective medical record abstraction, a cross-sectional patient survey at enrolment and a patient diary completed over an 8-day period (twice daily assessment) after recruitment that included patients from the EU4, the UK, the Netherlands and Canada (N=673) from October 2013 to May 2015

Burdens of CSU

PAYOR

OUT-OF-TAXONOMY

COPD is a progressive lung disease characterized by airflow limitation. Exacerbations, both moderate and severe, can lead to a decline in lung function, particularly FEV-1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second)&nbsp;1,2.

GOLD Group E patients, according to the GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) classification, are those with a high risk of exacerbations and more symptoms, often experiencing a faster decline in lung function and quality of life&nbsp;3.

FEV-1, or Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second, is a key measurement in lung function testing. It represents the volume of air a person can forcefully exhale in the first second after a deep breath.
 
 Lung function decline (FEV-1) in COPD patients increases mortality risk, whereas improvement resets the patient’s baseline and lowers exacerbation risk.

BOREAS and NOTUS outcomes are breakthrough for COPD patients, showing statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in moderate and severe exacerbation reduction, lung function over 52 weeks4,5.
&nbsp;
These 2 trials have been conducted on approx. 2000 patients and its endpoints were designed according to the GOLD standards4,5.

Dupixent's significantly proven reduction of Moderate and Severe exacerbations6:

In both BOREAS and NOTUS, Dupixent + background therapy has demonstrated statistically significant reductions in moderate and severe exacerbation rate up to 34%, as shown in the NOTUS trial, vs. placebo + background therapy.

<div>
 <div>
 Dupixent's statistically significant FEV-1 improvement6:
 </div>
</div>

<div>
 <div>
 In both BOREAS and NOTUS, Dupixent demonstrated early and significant FEV-1 improvement vs. placebo + background therapy over 52 weeks.
 </div>
</div>

<div>
 <div>
 DUPIXENT + BG therapy has demonstrated a notable improvement in lung function vs. placebo + BG therapy, in particular has shown:
 </div>
</div>

Early onset
 
 (e.g., measurable effect already after 2 weeks in BOREAS)

Sustained effect
 
 over 52 weeks in BOREAS

Significant FEV-1 improvement
 
 at week 52 in both trials

A meta-analysis (52 studies; 62,385 patients) demonstrated significant correlations between mean trough FEV-1 and HRQOL in patients with stable COPD 1,2

<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:100%;">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td style="background-color: rgb(153, 204, 0);">
 <ul>
 <li>An MCID improvement in FEV-13&nbsp;corresponded to a larger than MCID improvement in measures of HRQOL (SGRQ)4 and breathlessness (TDI)4 
 &nbsp;</li>
 <li>Analyses of follow-up data at 6 and 12 months suggest that the correlation of trough FEV-1 with HRQOL (SFRQ and TDI) strengthens with time.</li>
 </ul></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:100%;">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td style="background-color: rgb(0, 153, 102);">
 The correlation between FEV-1 and QoL enhancement, coupled with the significant FEV-1 improvement (+153mL vs. baseline) achieved with Dupixent, further reinforce the robustness of SGRQ improvement results.</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

Dupixent has proven to show consistent results across subpopulations in both BOREAS and NOTUS trials6:

In the BOREAS trial, Dupixent demonstrated consistent clinical benefit in terms of moderate or severe exacerbation reduction and lung function (i.e., FEV-1 change vs. placebo) results across study subgroups.

In the NOTUS trial, Dupixent demonstrated consistent clinical benefit in terms of moderate or severe exacerbation reduction and lung function (i.e., FEV-1 change vs. placebo) results across study subgroups.

Proven Efficacy of Dupixent® in COPD

COPD is associated with persistent respiratory symptoms, exacerbations, and inflammation, which contribute to declines in lung function, reduced QOL, and high mortality.

Persistent symptoms of COPD contribute to&nbsp;patients’ physical debilitation1.
In 2017, COPD was the&nbsp;sixth leading cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)&nbsp;worldwide and accounted for the majority of DALYs associated with chronic respiratory disease2,3

I am continually tired. The simplest tasks take ages to complete and leave me exhausted, breathless, and depressed.
Not being able to breathe and unable to do physical activity. The worst part: Your mind tells you that you can do it.

ASSESS was an observational study which enrolled patients with stable COPD in clinical practice and aimed to investigate the relationship between 24-hour symptoms and other patient-reported outcomes4.
Persistent symptoms of COPD were associated with&nbsp;high levels of anxiety and depression, and poor sleep quality,&nbsp;irrespective of whether symptoms occurred in the early morning, daytime, or night time4.
Patients who experienced symptoms throughout the whole 24-hour day experienced the worst levels of impairment4.
Mean anxiety, depression, and sleep quality scores according to the pattern of COPD symptoms throughout the 24 hour day (n=727)4

Anxiety

Depression

Sleep Disturbance

*0-7 = normal; 8-10 = mild; 11-15 = moderate; 16-21 = severe. Higher scores mean worse sleep quality., 
 CASIS, COPD and Asthma Sleep Impact Scale; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.
Quality of Life

Persistent debilitating symptoms of COPD have a substantial impact on patients' QoL.
A cross-sectional European observational study illustrated QoL impairment was related to COPD severity:
As disease severity increased,&nbsp;QoL impairment increased, as measured using SGRQ scoress5.
Factors associated with worsening QoL include5:
<ul>
 <li>
 COPD symptoms of breathlessness</li>
 <li>
 Cough and excess sputum</li>
 <li>
 Exacerbations</li>
 <li>
 Lung function decline</li>
 <li>
 Hospitalizations</li>
</ul>

Impairment in QoL related to COPD severity:Data from a cross-sectional European studys5

In many patients,&nbsp;guilt&nbsp;or&nbsp;shame&nbsp;from their perception of COPD as a "self-inflicted" disease can effect their QoL and interaction with HCPs1.
The MIRROR study was conducted in Europe and analysed how perceptions of disease severity and impact on QOL may differ between patients and HCPs. This study found that6:
<ul>
 <li>~90%&nbsp;of patients said they were&nbsp;"not completely frank"&nbsp;when talking to clinicians 
 &nbsp;</li>
 <li>49-53%&nbsp;of primary care doctors and pulmonologists seem to be aware of this but&nbsp;underestimate&nbsp;the extent to which it impacts clinician-patient interactions1</li>
</ul>

Clinical burden of co-existing conditions in COPD
The inflammatory processes associated with COPD may affect the functioning of extrapulmonary systems, and as a result, COPD patients present with co-existing diseases across a range of organ systems7. This can greatly increase the burden of COPD.
In a retrospective analysis of 14,603 Dutch patients with COPD, 88% had ≥1 co-existing disease7

*The consideration of asthma as a separate co-existing disease from COPD is controversial.
CRS, chronic rhinosinusitis; AF, atrial fibrilation; CHD, coronary heart disease; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
COPD with co-existing conditions is associated with negative health impact, worse treatment management:

<ul>
 <li>Patients with COPD and co-existing diseases, such&nbsp;as heart failure, osteoporosis/osteopenia, and asthma have an increased risk of frequent exacerbations7</li>
 <li>COPD and co-existing Asthma also result in increased hospital admissions, whereas COPD and cardiovascular disease has a higher rate of hospitalization and death8,9</li>
</ul>

Health Impact

<ul>
 <li>30% of patients with COPD and Asthma have ≥2 records of OCS dispensing over their lifetime vs. 12%&nbsp;of patients with COPD alone10</li>
 <li>Short&nbsp;and long-term OCS use has been linked to multiple&nbsp;adverse-events11</li>
</ul>

Worse treatment management

Exacerbations
Patients with COPD can experience "flare-ups", which can be defined as general worsening of symptoms as well as more serious exacerbations.
An exacerbation of COPD is defined as an event characterized by&nbsp;increased dyspnea and/or cough and sputum that worsens in &lt;14 days which may be accompanied&nbsp;by tachypnea and/or tachycardia and is often associated with increased local and systemic inflammation caused by infection, pollution, or other insult to the airways12.
Exacerbations can be mild, moderate and severe. Severe exacerbations usually require hospitalisation13.
Exacerbations of COPD significantly impact on the health status of a patient, increase the rate of lung function decline, and worsen the prognosis of patients.
Quality of life
In a study of 70 COPD patients, SGRQ total and component scores — a tool used to measure quality of life-were significantly higher in the frequent exacerbator group compared with those who less frequently experienced exacerbations23.

Relationship between SGRQ score and exacerbation frequency14
<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:100%;">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Exacerbation frequency</td>
 <td>n</td>
 <td>SGRQ total score</td>
 <td>SGRQ 
 component: Symptoms</td>
 <td>SGRQ 
 component: Activities</td>
 <td>SGRQ 
 component: Impact</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>0-2</td>
 <td>32</td>
 <td>48.9 ± 15.6</td>
 <td>53.2 ± 17.2</td>
 <td>67.7 ± 17.2</td>
 <td>36.3 ± 18.2</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>3-8</td>
 <td>38</td>
 <td>64.1 $ 14.6</td>
 <td>77.0 $ 15.8</td>
 <td>80.9 $ 16.0</td>
 <td>50.4 ‡ 17.6</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Mean difference</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>-15.1</td>
 <td>-21.9</td>
 <td>-12.2</td>
 <td>-14.1</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>95% CI</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>-22.3 to -7.8</td>
 <td>-29.7 to -14.0</td>
 <td>-21.2 to -5.3</td>
 <td>-22.9 to -5.6</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>P value</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>0.0005</td>
 <td>0.0005</td>
 <td>0.001</td>
 <td>0.002</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

Mortality
In a study of 73,106 COPD patients,&nbsp;the risk of death increased with each successive severe exacerbation experienced.
The rate of death after the second severe exacerbation was&nbsp;1.9x&nbsp;higher than after the first, while after the 10th it was&nbsp;5x&nbsp;higher than after the first15.
HR for death increases with every successive severe exacerbation15

Lung function
The UPLIFT study of 5,992 COPD patients observed that a higher frequency of severe hospitalized COPD exacerbations was associated with a&nbsp;marked decline in lung functions16.
Mean change in lung function parameters by increasing frequency of hospitalized exacerbations in the 4-year UPLIFT study16

Exacerbations were defined as an increase in or the onset of more than one respiratory symptom (cough, sputum, sputum purulence, wheezing, or dyspnea) lasting 3 days or more and requiring treatment with an antibiotic or systemic corticosteroids.
BD, bronchodilator; FVC, forced vital capacity; SE, standard error.

Disease onset, course, and severity
COPD can start early in life and take a long time to manifest clinically. As identifying early COPD can be difficult, patients are typically diagnosed with COPD aged &gt; 40 years&nbsp;12,13.
Morbidity due to COPD increases with age: 
 As lung function declines with age, patients experience more exacerbations, which increases the risk of future exacerbations and the rate of lung function decline12.

Clinical Burden of COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung condition characterized by breathing difficulties, with significant impacts on patients' quality of life.
Global Impact

Global Death Toll:
<ul>
 <li>Globally, COPD is the&nbsp;third leading cause of death,&nbsp;following ischemic heart disease and stroke1</li>
 <li>In 2019 alone, it caused&nbsp;3.23 Million deaths worldwide,&nbsp;representing&nbsp;6% of total global deaths1,2.</li>
</ul>

Widespread Prevalence:
<ul>
 <li>Approximately&nbsp;299.4 Million cases&nbsp;were reported globally in 2017, showing a&nbsp;24%&nbsp;increase since 20073.</li>
 <li>The&nbsp;prevalence of COPD is projected to increase, with an estimated&nbsp;5.4 Million deaths by 20604. &nbsp;</li>
</ul>

DALYs:
<ul>
 <li>COPD accounts for the majority of Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) among chronic respiratory diseases5, causing 2.6% of global DALYs in 20156.</li>
</ul>

<h3>COPD Burden in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</h3>
COPD presents a significant health challenge with&nbsp;rising prevalence rates and economic impact:
<ul>
 <li>
 COPD prevalence&nbsp;increased by&nbsp;49%&nbsp;from 1990 to 2019, with&nbsp;2,053 cases&nbsp;per 100,000 people reported in 20197.</li>
 <li>
 Mortality Impact:&nbsp;COPD accounts for about&nbsp;1.65%&nbsp;of all-cause deaths8.</li>
 <li>
 Macroeconomic Impact:&nbsp;According to the World Bank, the estimated economic loss attributed to COPD in 2017 was approximately&nbsp;$12.497 Billion, reflecting the long-term economic consequences of unmanaged COPD in the region9.</li>
</ul>

<h3>Costs of Treatment and Care in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia:</h3>

Direct Costs:
Healthcare Expenditures:&nbsp;COPD is one of the non-communicable diseases (NCDs) contributing to Saudi Arabia's healthcare expenditures, which amount to&nbsp;SAR 66 Billion&nbsp;annually10.
Hospitalization and Treatment:&nbsp;The direct costs associated with COPD primarily include expenses related to hospitalization and treatment of exacerbations. These costs are significant drivers of healthcare spending11-12.

Indirect Costs
Productivity Losses:&nbsp;The indirect costs of COPD include reduced workforce participation and loss in national productivity due to premature mortality, disability, and workplace losses. These losses are valued at&nbsp;SAR 25.6 Billion annually10.

Productivity claims associated with COPD were responsible for 10% of the overall COPD cost burden for working patients13:

Productivity Losses:
<ul>
 <li>Frequent exacerbators experience the highest productivity loss: 456.5</li>
 <li>Infrequent exacerbators have a significant loss as well: 361.8</li>
 <li>Non-exacerbators show the lowest productivity loss: 255.4</li>
</ul>
→ Exacerbations directly correlate with increasing productivity losses.

Lost Work Time (sick leave):
<ul>
 <li>Frequent exacerbators also show the highest amount of lost work time: 60.0</li>
 <li>Non-exacerbators experience less time away from work: 49.8</li>
 <li>Infrequent exacerbators fall in between: 60.0</li>
</ul>
→ Exacerbations are key drivers of absenteeism in COPD patients.

Decreased Productivity (Presenteeism)
<ul>
 <li>Frequent exacerbators suffer a higher loss in productivity while at work: 29.3</li>
 <li>Non-exacerbators: 11.4</li>
</ul>
→ Exacerbations are key drivers of absenteeism in COPD patients.

COPD treatment not only affects productivity of patients, but also of the caregivers: 
A Spanish study analyzed the burden borne by informal caregivers (n=220,892) of patients with COPD14.

% of informal caregivers (of COPD patients) with health-, 
 professional-,and leisure/social-related problems

% of informal caregivers of COPD patients having problems 
 vs. caregivers of patients with other chronic diseases

Caregivers face severe challenges: 
<ol>
 <li>83% of caregivers report leisure/social-related problems, followed by 38% experiencing professional-related problems and 35% facing health issues. 
 &nbsp;</li>
 <li>COPD caregivers, more than those of other chronic diseases like stroke or myocardial infarction, face greater deterioration of health and a marked decrease in leisure time. 
 &nbsp;</li>
 <li>The comparison with caregivers of other chronic diseases further emphasizes the unique burden COPD imposes, showing higher rates of decreased leisure time and overall strain on caregivers.</li>
</ol>

Economic Burden of COPD in KSA

Mechanism of Action
Dupixent has emerged as a groundbreaking therapeutic option for various type 2 inflammatory diseases. As a fully human monoclonal antibody, Dupixent uniquely inhibits the signaling of both interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) pathways, key drivers of type 2 inflammation 1,2.

Figure 1: DUPIXENT is the only dual inhibitor of IL-4 and IL-13 signaling3
This mechanism of action has demonstrated&nbsp;significant clinical benefits across multiple indications, including Atopic Dermatitis, Asthma, Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis, Eosinophilic Esophagitis, Prurigo Nodularis and most recently, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease2&nbsp;with regulatory approvals in&nbsp;&gt;60 countries and over 1,000,000 patients treated globally1.
Dupixent has rapidly become an essential therapy in the management of type 2 inflammatory diseases and has&nbsp;demonstrated sustained improvement in symptoms&nbsp;across various indications, with&nbsp;long-term safety data&nbsp;available for&nbsp;up to 5 years&nbsp;in some conditions&nbsp;1,2.
This unique mechanism of action has demonstrated significant clinical benefits across multiple type 2 inflammatory diseases as seen in the 3 examples below:
Atopic Dermatitis (AD):

1.Mechanism of Action: 
 Targeting of&nbsp;IL-4&nbsp;and&nbsp;IL-13&nbsp;signaling, key drivers of type 2 inflammation in AD4

2.Long-term Efficacy: 39% 
 Achieved IGA score of 0-1 (clear/ almost clear) with a reduction of ≥2 points on a 0-4 IGA scale at 16 weeks in adults® 42.7% 
 Had an IGA score of 0/1 (clear/almost clear) by week 52 in adolescents (12-17 years)5

Sustained improvement in skin clearance up to 52 weeks in adults®

3. Real-World Evidence: 5-year clinical trial data&nbsp;and experience in&nbsp;&nbsp;&gt; 1,000,000 
 patients worldwide across all indications have proven Dupixent's efficacy*

Approved for use in patients as young as 6 months old5

1.Mechanism of Action: 
 Targeting of&nbsp;IL-4&nbsp;and&nbsp;IL-13&nbsp;signaling, reducing Type 2 Inflammation in airways4,6

2.Long-term Efficacy: 
 Up to 3 years of data show&nbsp;sustained&nbsp;improvment in lung function and reduction in severe exacerbations4,7 13-22% 
 Improvement in lung function (FEV-1) at 96 weeks&nbsp;4

3. Real-World Evidence: 
 &nbsp;&gt; 2,200 patients&nbsp; 
 Enrolled in the Phase 3 open-label extension trial making it the largest biologic medicine trial in Asthma4,8

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD):

1.Mechanism of Action: 
 Targeting of&nbsp;IL-4&nbsp;and&nbsp;IL-13&nbsp; 
 pathways to reduce Type 2&nbsp; Inflammation in COPD7

2.Long-term Efficacy: 30% and 34% 
 Annualized rate of moderate or severe COPD exacerbations over 52 weeks in BOREAS and NOTUS trial7

Improvements in lung function (FEV-1) observed as early as week 2 and sustained at 52 weeks7

Enhanced health-related quality of life7

3. Real-World Evidence: 1st&nbsp; 
 new treatment approach for COPD in more than a decade7

Approved for ~220,000 adults in the European Union7

In Conclusion
Dupixent (dupilumab) has proven to be a transformative treatment option for multiple type 2 inflammatory diseases by targeting IL-4 and IL-13 pathways.
Its efficacy across diverse indications demonstrates significant improvement in patient outcomes, reducing exacerbation rates, enhancing lung function, and improving skin clarity and quality of life.
Long-term data highlight its consistent safety profile across various age groups, further supported by real-world evidence.
Dupixent remains a promising therapy for sustained disease control and relief from the burdens of type 2 inflammation.

Latest Articles

Hypertension - The Most Important Disease in Medicine II

An overview of Lysosomal Storage Disorders & Sanofi`s Commitment to the Development and Provision of Treatments

Burdens of CSU

Proven Efficacy of Dupixent® in COPD

Clinical Burden of COPD

Economic Burden of COPD in KSA

Proven Efficacy of Dupixent® against Type 2 Inflammation

Proven Safety of Dupixent® against Type 2 Inflammation

Prevalence Of LOPD In Patients With Undifferentiated Proximal Myopathy And Undiagnosed Muscle Biopsy