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Cause And Symptoms

Complications

Diagnosis And Treatment

Overview

Prevention

References

asthma

Asthma

<h3 style="text-align:center;">Learn More About These Available Noninvasive Techniques for Assessment of Lung Function3-5</h3>

 Spirometry

Oscillometry

Body Plethysmography

ASTHMA

1. Fuhlbrigge AL, et al. Pediatrics. 2006;118(2):e347-e355.&nbsp; 
 2. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Updated May 2025. Accessed May 30, 2025. https://ginasthma.org/2025-gina-strategy-report/&nbsp; 
 3. Merck Manual Professional Version. Airflow, lung volumes, and flow-volume loop. Accessed January 23, 2024. https:// www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/tests-of-pulmonary-function-pft/airflow, lung-volumes,-and-flow-volume-loop&nbsp; 
 4. Galant SP, et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017;118(6):664-671.&nbsp; 
 5. Criée CP, et al. Respir Med. 2011;105(7):959-971.&nbsp; 
 6. Tseng HJ, et al. Radiographics. 2017;37(4):1037-1058.&nbsp; 
 7. Haynes JM. Respir Care. 2015;60(5):e105-e109.&nbsp; 
 8. Bui DS, et al. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020;17(3):302-312.&nbsp; 
 9. Stanojevic S, et al. Eur Respir J. 2022;60(1):2101499.&nbsp; 
 10.Quanjer PH, et al. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(6):1324-1343.&nbsp; 
 11.Hopp RJ, et al. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2022;62(1):145-159.&nbsp; 
 12.Porojan-Suppini N, et al. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2020;16:1139-1150.&nbsp; 
 13.Postma DS, et al. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(5):402-416.&nbsp; 
 14.Skylogianni E, et al. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2016;18:46-51.&nbsp; 
 15.Jerzyńska J, et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015;115(4):272-276

Assessing Pediatric Lung Function

References :&nbsp; 
 Guidelines for the management of asthma are not intended to impose a standard of care. 
 They provide the basis for rational decisions in the management of asthma.

GINA Emphasizes

GINA Suggests

GINA Recommends

GINA-Recommended Approach

RESPIRATORY

1. McGeachie MJ, et al. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:1842-1852. 
 2. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Updated 2024. Accessed June 6, 2024. <a href="https://ginasthma.org/reports/">https://ginasthma.org/reports/</a> 
 3. Fuchs O, et al. Lancet Respir Med. 2017;5(3):224-234. 
 4. Lanz MJ, et al. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2019;54(3):348-357. 
 5. Pike KC, et al. Arch Dis Child. 2018;103(4):392-397.

Pediatric Management

<h3 style="text-align:center;">Mucus Overproduction and Decreased Mucociliary Clearance Can Lead to Mucus Plugs1</h3>

<h3 style="text-align:center;">Mucus Plugs Can Be Identified and Quantified Using CT Imaging of the Lungs2</h3>

<h4 style="text-align:center;">Segments of each lobe are examined for mucus plugs and given a score of 1 (present) or 0 (absent). Segment scores of each lobe are summed to generate a total mucus score ranging from 0-20.</h4>

<figure class="table" style="width:100%;">
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 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td style="background-color:#1C8EA1;">
 <h4 style="text-align:center;">High mucus scores (≥4 bronchial subsegments with 1 or more airways completely occluded with mucus) were associated with low FEV1 and air trapping in patients with chronic, severe asthma2</h4></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
</figure>

Republished with permission of American Society for Clinical Investigation, from Journal of Clinical Investigation, Dunican EM, Mucus plugs in patients with asthma linked to eosinophilia and airflow obstruction, Vol 128/No. 3, Copyright 2018; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. CT, computed tomography; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; IL, interleukin. 1. Jesenak M, et al. Respir Med. 2023;218:107372. 2. Dunican EM, et al. J Clin Invest. 2018;128(3):997-1009. 3. Tang M, et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;205(9):1036-1045. 4. Chan R, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2023;11(1):195-199.e2.

<figure class="table" style="width:100%;">
 <table>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td style="background-color:#1c8ea1;">
 <h3 style="text-align:center;">Mucus Plugging Is a Key Component of Remodeling in Asthma, Leading to Fixed Airway Obstruction</h3></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
</figure>

<h3 style="text-align:center;">The SARP-3 Study Showed Persistence of Mucus Plugs in Asthma Patients Over 3 Years3</h3>

<figure class="table" style="width:100%;">
 <table>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td style="background-color:#1c8ea1;">Low Global Mucus Score: 0.5-3.5</td>
 <td style="background-color:#E94C1F;">
 High Global Mucus Score: 4-202</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
</figure>

<h3 style="text-align:center;">Persistent mucus plugs are associated with chronic OCS use and a greater symptom burden, measured by ACT33</h3>

<h2 style="text-align:center;">Presence of Mucus Plugs Is Associated With Worsening Clinical Asthma Outcomes</h2>

Republished with permission of American Society for Clinical Investigation, from Journal of Clinical Investigation, Dunican EM, Mucus plugs in patients with asthma linked to eosinophilia and airflow obstruction, Vol 128/No. 3, Copyright 2018; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Reprinted from the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tang M, et al, Mucus Plugs Persist in Asthma, and Changes in Mucus Plugs Associate with Changes in Airflow over Time, Vol 205/Issue 9, Copyright 2022, with permission from the American Thoracic Society. *Data from 146 of the 658 adult patients with asthma enrolled in SARP. Of those included in SARP (n=658), 66% of patients met American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society criteria for severe asthma. Patients were non-smokers and were required to have evidence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness or reversible airflow obstruction. ACT, Asthma Control Test; FeNO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; OCS, oral corticosteroid; SARP, Severe Asthma Research Program. 1. Jesenak M, et al. Respir Med. 2023;218:107372. 2. Dunican EM, et al. J Clin Invest. 2018;128(3):997-1009. 3. Tang M, et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;205(9):1036-1045. 4. Chan R, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2023;11(1):195-199.e2.

Asthma

Latest Articles

Assessing Pediatric Lung Function

Pediatric Management

Mucus Plugging Is a Key Component of Remodeling in Asthma, Leading to Fixed Airway Obstruction