<h2>Welcome</h2>
This is the first issue of the first volume of our series of newsletters intended to appear at timely intervals to take advantage of important developments.
Updates in Neurology presents the seasoned observations, opinions, recognition and management of Neurology. The aim of this Newsletter is to bring to the physician’s doorstep Updates in Neurology in a concise and friendly manner. This issue is dedicated to the 2022 Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) which was held April 2-7 in Seattle, USA and offered neurologists and neuroscience professionals top-tier education opportunities in nearly every neurology topic imaginable and the most cutting-edge science and therapeutics. The AAN Annual Meeting strives to promote the highest quality patient-centered neurologic care and focuses on to be indispensable to neurologists. It aims to demonstrate and assert the value of neurology to policymakers and other major stakeholders and expand the neurology workforce to meet future needs for patient care.

<h2>2022 Annual meeting - American academy of Neurology</h2>
<h3>Multiple Sclerosis management</h3>
<ol>
 <li>Machine Learning-Based Prediction of New Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Formation</li>
 <li>Ketogenic Diet as a Strategy for Improved Wellness and Reduced Disability in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis</li>
 <li>Mediterranean Diet Score is Associated with Disability and Brain Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis</li>
</ol>
<h3> 
 COVID-19 and Multiple Sclerosis</h3>
<ol>
 <li>Varying Rates of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Response are Reported in People with Multiple Sclerosis</li>
 <li>Substantial Increase in the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Patients on Ocrelizumab or Fingolimod Compared to the General Population</li>
</ol>

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Editorial Board 
 Dr. K. Abbasi, Editor, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, London, UK 
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 Dr. K. Balaraj, Consultant Radiooncology, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, UAE 
 Dr. K. O. Bawakid, Consultant Family Physician, Head of Training &amp; CME Program, PHC, Jeddah, Supervisor of the Saudi Society of Family &amp; Community Medicine, Jeddah, KSA 
 Dr. C. Kalayci, Department of Gastroenterology, Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey 
 Dr. E. G. Karam, M.D. Professor &amp; Head, Dept. of Psychiatry &amp; Clinical Psychology, St.George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon 
 Dr. A. Nassrallah, MD, FACC., Clinical Associate Professor, Internal Medicine for Cardiology, American University of Beirut, Lebanon 
 Dr. N. S. El Saghir, MD, FACP, Professor of Clinical Medicine/Hematology-Oncology and Director, Breast Center of Excellence, Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon 
 Dr. D. Sideris, Professor of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece Volume 1 No1 July 2022
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<h2>Multiple Sclerosis management</h2>
<h3>Machine learning-based prediction of new Multiple Sclerosis lesion formation</h3>

Source:&nbsp;Machine Learning-Based Prediction of New Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Formation Using Radiomic Features from Pre-Lesion Normal Appearing White Matter (S26.009). Bastien Caba, Arie Gafson, Aurélien Lombard, Dawei Liu, Alexandre Cafaro, Enzo Battistella, Rodrigo Perea, Elizabeth Fisher, Nathalie Franchimont, Douglas L. Arnold, Colm Elliott, Nikos Paragios, Shibeshih Belachew. Neurology May 2022, 98 (18 Supplement) 1687
New lesions on T2-weighted brain MRI of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are a marker of inflammatory disease.&nbsp;Evidence suggests that abnormalities exist within the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) prior to lesion formation, however conventional imaging methods cannot detect these abnormalities.

as Caba et al reported during the 2022 meeting in their presentation entitled “Machine Learning- Based Prediction of New Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Formation Using Radiomic Features from Pre-Lesion Normal Appearing White Matter (S26.009)”.&nbsp;The algorithm may help physicians assess the short-term and long-term prognosis for the condition,&nbsp;the researchers said.
Brain T1- and T2-weighted MRIs from advance (1,512&nbsp;patients with relapsing-remitting&nbsp;MS, NCT00906399) and ascend (886 patients with secondary progressive&nbsp;MS, NCT01416181) trials were analysed.&nbsp;Cubic patches of 15 mm edge were sampled&nbsp;from the NAWM of baseline scans. Patches co-locating with a future lesion at 48 weeks were labelled “positive” patches, while those not associated with a future lesion in spatially matched white matter were labelled “negative”. Intensity-based radiomic features were extracted from the core and periphery of each patch, yielding 372 radiomic features per patch. Linear and non-linear robust feature selection was performed to identify a compact signature of textural biomarkers reflective of tissue state. ADVANCE was used for training/validation; ascend for testing.
Feature selection yielded 40 features,&nbsp;among which&nbsp;22 were core-based&nbsp;and&nbsp;18 were periphery-based; 18 are T1-based, 22 are T2-based.&nbsp;The classification framework reached&nbsp;66.4%&nbsp;balanced accuracy,&nbsp;66.5% precision,&nbsp;66.0% sensitivity, 66.8% specificity, and&nbsp;72.6% AUC on the validation set.&nbsp;The corresponding testing set metrics in the ascend cohort were 64.6%, 63.7%, 68.0%, 61.2%, and 71.4%.

“These results further inform our understanding of the nature of lesion formation in multiple sclerosis, which seemingly arises from areas of normal-appearing white matter that are in fact abnormal," the authors concluded. “In the context of MRI, machine learning has the potential to reveal the pathological state of brain tissue integrity beyond what is visible to the human eye. We were able to identify subtle patterns of brain MRI signal intensities, which are reflective of a white matter tissue state that precedes new lesion formation," they said.

black

<h2>Ketogenic diet as a Strategy for improved wellness and reduced Disability in relapsing Multiple Sclerosis</h2>

Source:&nbsp;Ketogenic Diet as a Strategy for Improved Wellness and Reduced Disability in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (S40.007) J. Nicholas Brenton, Diana Lehner-Gulotta, Emma Woolbright, Rachael Coleman, Mark Conaway, Brenda Banwell, A. G. Christina Bergqvist, Myla Goldman. Neurology May 2022, 98 (18 Supplement) 622
Dietary changes impact human physiology and immune function and have potential as therapeutic strategies in MS.&nbsp;Ketogenic diets mimic a fasting state and have been shown to impact immune regulation.&nbsp;A ketogenic diet (KD), which primarily consists of foods like meat, fish, eggs, heavy cream, butter, oils and non-starchy vegetables like pea pods, carrots, broccoli and peppers, may be safe for people with multiple sclerosis (MS). That is according to the presentation entitled “Ketogenic Diet as a Strategy for Improved Wellness and Reduced Disability in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis”.&nbsp;The aim of this preliminary study was to assess the safety and tolerability of a ketogenic diet (KD) in patients with relapsing MS&nbsp;and secondarily explore the impact on patient-reported, laboratory and clinical outcome metrics.

“A ketogenic diet, which is high in fats, adequate in protein, and low in carbohydrates, allows the body to utilize fat as its primary source of energy instead of sugars, thus mimicking a fasting state,” said the study author Dr. J. Nicholas Brenton.
The study enrolled 65 people diagnosed with relapsing- remitting MS into a 6-month prospective KD intervention. Adherence to diet was monitored with the use of daily urine ketone testing. At baseline, patient-reported fatigue, depression and quality of life scores were obtained in addition to fasting adipokines and pertinent MS-related clinical outcome metrics. Baseline study metrics were repeated at 3 and/or 6 months on KD.
Participants were instructed to consume two to three ketogenic meals per day consisting of one to two servings of low-carbohydrate proteins such as eggs, fish or meat alongside two to four tablespoons of fat, such as butter, oil, avocado, ghee or heavy cream, and one to two cups of non-starchy vegetables such as cucumbers, leafy greens or cauliflower. Snacks were also allowed as long as participants followed the maximum daily carbohydrate allowance of 20 grams. Adherence to the diet was monitored by daily urine tests to measure ketones, a metabolite produced by the body when it is burning fats.
A total of 83% of participants adhered to the KD for the full study period. Subjects exhibited reductions in fat mass from baseline to 6 months on-diet (41.3 ± 16.1 vs 32.0 ± 14.1 kg, p&lt;0.001) and a significant decline in fatigue and depression scores. MS quality of life physical (67 ± 16 vs 79 ± 12, p&lt;0.001) and mental (71 ± 17 vs 82 ± 11, p&lt;0.001) composite scores improved on diet. Improvements were noted in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores (2.3 ± 0.9 vs 1.9 ± 1.1, p&lt;0.001), 6-minute walk (1,631 ± 302 vs 1,733 ± 330 feet, p&lt;0.001), and 9-hole peg test (21.5 ± 3.6 vs 20.3 ± 3.7 seconds, p&lt;0.001). Fasting serum leptin was lower (25.5 ± 15.7 vs 14.0 ± 11.7 ng/mL, p&lt;0.001) and adiponectin was higher at 6 months on KD (11.4 ± 7.8 vs 13.5 ± 8.4 mcg/mL, p=0.002).
A limitation of the study was the lack of a control group of people with MS who consumed their regular, non-ketogenic diet.

This study provided evidence that a ketogenic diet may indeed be safe and beneficial, reducing some symptoms for people with MS, when used over a six-month period. However, more research is needed because there are potential risks associated with ketogenic diets, such as kidney stones, digestive issues and nutrient deficiencies.

<h2>Mediterranean diet score is associated with Disability and Brain atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis</h2>

Source: Mediterranean Diet Score is Associated with Disability and Brain Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis (S14.002) Ilana Katz Sand, Kathryn Fitzgerald, Tali Sorets, Sarah Levy, James Sumowski. Neurology May 2022, 98 (18 Supplement) 1456
Researchers found that greater adherence to a Mediterranean diet was associated with better functioning as measured on the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC) instrument and less cerebral atrophy on MRI.&nbsp;The study authors said that their findings suggest the&nbsp;possibility of a neuroprotective mechanism with the Mediterranean diet, but added that long-term studies and interventional clinical trials are needed to further explore that possibility.
A significant relationship between Mediterranean diet score and MS-related disability was established in study findings presented at the 2022 American Academy of Neurology (AAN) Annual Meeting, entitled “Mediterranean Diet Score is Associated with Disability and Brain Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis”.
Mediterranean diet score is associated with structural brain metrics and clinical outcomes in cognitive aging, suggesting potential neuroprotection, the researchers wrote. The researchers noted that they had previously observed a relationship between a similar score (MIND, Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay) and thalamic volume in early MS.

This study sought to evaluate relationships between Mediterranean diet score and disability in MS.
The study of a representative clinical cohort included&nbsp;500 patients with MS&nbsp;(70% women; aged 43.8±11.6 years) who completed the MEDAS and the MSFC evaluation of cognition, upper extremity coordination, and gait speed.&nbsp;The researchers measured third ventricle width (TVW) on axial T1 images from clinical MRIs as a validated estimate of cerebral atrophy.&nbsp;Multiple regressions investigated the independent contribution of MEDAS to MSFC and TVW controlling for age, sex, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, BMI, physical exercise, sleep disturbance, and a cardiovascular risk (CVR) index (hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cardiac conditions, smoking).
The patients completed the MEDAS and the MSFC evaluation of cognition, upper extremity coordination, and gait speed.&nbsp;The authors measured TVW on axial T1 images from clinical MRIs as a validated estimate of cerebral atrophy. Multiple regressions investigated the independent contribution of MEDAS to MSFC and TVW controlling for age, sex, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, BMI, physical exercise, sleep disturbance, and a cardiovascular risk (CVR) index (hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cardiac conditions, smoking).
Assessments conducted by the researchers found that higher MEDAS independently predicted better MSFC (rp=0.200, p &lt;.001) and lower TVW (less atrophy; rp=-0.122, p =.007). MEDAS was a “much better predictor” of both MDFC and TVW than were BMI, exercise, sleep disturbance, or CVR, the authors wrote. The link between MEDAS and MSFC was strongest in progressive disease. The relationship between higher MEDAS and better MSFC was partially mediated through lower TVW (rp : 0.200 to 0.167, Ps&lt;001), “consistent with the notion that MEDAS preserves functional outcomes by supporting brain maintenance,” the authors noted.

The authors believe that a "significant association" exists between Mediterranean diet score and MS-related disability, after controlling for important potential confounders. The strength of the relationship in progressive disease and partial mediation by third ventricle width suggests the possibility of a neuroprotective mechanism.”

<h2>COVID-19 and Multiple Sclerosis</h2>
<h3>Varying Rates of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Response are Reported in People with Multiple Sclerosis</h3>

Source:&nbsp;Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (S5.007). Grace Gombolay, Monideep Dutt, William Tyor. Neurology May 2022, 98 (18 Supplement) 181

The authors performed a meta-analysis and systematic review of patients with MS (pwMS) and rates of immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines by disease-modifying therapy (DMT) and by vaccine type from manuscripts&nbsp;from January 1, 2019 until October 1, 2021. Data from publications reporting on antibody or cellular vaccine response data in pwMS were included. Antibody response was defined as positive or negative, based upon assay cutoffs. Immune response to prior COVID infections were excluded. Descriptive statistics was performed using STATA (statistical software for data science).
The authors included 16 out of 589 articles and 186 healthy controls and 1,239 pwMS.&nbsp;A total of 99% of healthy controls (184/186) presented protective antibody responses&nbsp;in comparison to 100% untreated pwMS (169/169), 99% pwMS on beta-interferons (79/80), and 100% pwMS on glatiramer acetate (39/39), dimethyl fumarate (116/116), natalizumab (127/127), alemtuzumab (19/19), and teriflunomide (72/72).&nbsp;An antibody response was detected in 93% of pwMS on cladribrine&nbsp;(69/74), 70% of sphingosine 1-phosphate modulators (S1PM) (108/155) and 46% percent of pwMS on anti-CD20 treatments. PwMS on rituximab had a higher antibody response (23/37 = 62%) as compared to ocrelizumab (107/205 = 39%), with unknown anti-CD20 in 76. The authors attributed this difference to the vaccination received (mRNA-1273 vs BNT162b2) as mRNA-1273 results in higher antibodies. However, 46/49 (94%) on anti-CD20 had T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.

These results drove the researchers to the conclusion that the humoral responses appear to be blunted in S1PM and anti-CD20 treatments; however, the majority develop cellular responses. Further investigation into how DMT affects immune response is needed.

<h2>Substantial increase in the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among patients on Ocrelizumab or Fingolimod compared to the General population</h2>

Source:&nbsp;Impact of Multiple Sclerosis Disease-Modifying Therapies on Effectiveness of SARS-Cov-2 Vaccines: A Longitudinal Total Population Study of National Health Service (NHS) England (S5.008). Afagh Garjani, Sameer Patel, Graham R. Law, Dhiren Bharkhada, Waqar Rashid, Alasdair Coles, Nikos Evangelou. Neurology May 2022, 98 (18 Supplement) 3321;
While real-world data in the general population continue to show that SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is effective in preventing infections, it is still unclear whether it offers the same level of protection to multiple sclerosis (MS) patients receiving immunomodulatory disease-modifying therapies (DMTs).
Garjani et al presented their study entitled “Impact of Multiple Sclerosis Disease-Modifying Therapies on Effectiveness of SARS-Cov-2 Vaccines: A Longitudinal Total Population Study of National Health Service (NHS) England” in which they&nbsp;compared the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection before and after mass vaccination among patients with multiple sclerosis&nbsp;(pwMS) taking different DMTs compared to the general population (GP). In a previous study, the same authors had shown that

(Garjani A, et al. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2022).
National Health Service (NHS) England and NHS Improvement (NHSE/I) hold prescribing data on all MS DMTs in England. Public Health England (PHE) collected data on all SARS-CoV-2 tests in England. In this study, datasets of NHE/I and PHE were merged to estimate the monthly rates of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the entire population of pwMS taking DMTs in England. Publicly available data were used for the same analysis in the GP. The relative risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among patients receiving MS DMTs compared to the general population during the pre-vaccination (November 2020 to January 2021) and post-vaccination (July to September 2021) periods were calculated.
All pwMS taking DMTs in England were included (n=42,402). A total of 4,104 (14.6%) tested positive out of a total of 28,113 (66.3%) patients who were tested for SARS-CoV-2.
The comparison of the RR (95% CI) pre-vaccination vs post-vaccination is shown in the table below.

<table border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>
 Pre-vaccination</td>
 <td>
 Post-vaccination</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 Beta-interferon</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 0.75 (0.65–0.87)</td>
 <td>
 0.73 (0.63–0.85)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 Cladribine</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 0.93 (0.75–1.14)</td>
 <td>
 1.21 (1.02–1.45)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 Dimethyl fumarate</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 1.15 (1.05–1.25)</td>
 <td>
 1.34 (1.24–1.45)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 Fingolimod</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 0.88 (0.76–1.02)</td>
 <td>
 1.63 (1.47–1.82)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 Glatiramer acetate</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 1.05 (0.93–1.19)</td>
 <td>
 0.85 (0.74–0.98)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 Natalizumab</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 1.08 (0.96–1.21)</td>
 <td>
 1.22 (1.10–1.36)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 Ocrelizumab</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 1.20 (1.07–1.34)</td>
 <td>
 2.18 (2–2.36)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 Teriflunomide</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>
 0.79 (0.63–0.99)</td>
 <td>
 1.04 (0.85–1.27)</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

The findings of this study show a substantial increase in the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among patients on ocrelizumab or fingolimod compared to the general population following the liberalization of COVID-19 restrictions and despite mass vaccination. This finding agrees with the suppressed humoral immune response observed with these DMTs. The changes associated with other DMTs are less clear.

MS Updates

MULTIPLE-SCLEROSIS

NEUROLOGY

Guest host Svend Geertsen, Medical Advisor for MS in Sanofi Genzyme Denmark, will in this episode discuss the relevance and challenges with measuring brain atrophy with brain imaging experts Morten Blinkenberg, Senior Consultant at the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center at Rigshospitalet, and Professor Hartwig Siebner, Head of Research at the Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance at Hvidovre Hospital.

Measuring brain atrophy. What can be done and where are we heading?

In this episode, the author behind the world´s first study on brain aging within MS, Einar Høgestøl, whom is Doctor and PhD fellow at the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, talks about the brain age gap and whether using AI technology could point us towards improved MS care.

How old is your brain?

Recognized psychologists and author couple behind the Self-coping Guide, Johanna and Jan-Henry Stenberg, will in this episode give insight into the “invisible” dimensions of a chronic disease, and how to cope with chronic illness.

Falling chronically ill – How do I cope and move forward?

Associate Professor at Aarhus University, Ulrik Dalgas, addresses physical activity in MS patients today, it’s effects on patients and whether exercise should be considered medicine in the treatment of MS.

Exercise as ”medicine” in the treatment of MS

<h2>EoE is a&nbsp;chronic, progressive, inflammatory disease&nbsp;with rising prevalence among children and adults&nbsp;1-3</h2>
<ul>
 <li>Approximately&nbsp;1 in 4000&nbsp;people have EoE worldwide4</li>
 <li>Misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis&nbsp;can cause delays of up to&nbsp;10 years2</li>
 <li>Behavior modification</li>
 <li>can mask symptoms and further delay correct diagnosis and treatment2</li>
 <li>EoE has a High disease burden,causing daily disruptions and restrictions for patients and caregivers1</li>
</ul>

<h3>Dysphagia</h3>
Characterized by discomfort during meals due to difficulty swallowing and the need to frequently intake fluids while eating
<h3>Chest pain (noncardiac)</h3>
Presents in the majority of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis
<h3>Fibrostenosis of the esophagus</h3>
Fibrosis gradually leads to stenosis (narrowing) in many patients with eosinophilic esophagitis
<h3>Food impaction and bolus removal</h3>
Food impaction is a direct consequence of esophageal fibrosis and tissue remodeling. Removal of food bolus impaction frequently involves an urgent endoscopic intervention
<h3>Impaired quality of life</h3>
Frequent vomiting, restricted diets, social isolation and rejection, fatigue, increased emergency room visits, and higher economic burden

<h2>Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic, progressive, inflammatory disease, characterized by endoscopic and histologic changes to the esophagus1,4</h2>

<h2>Progressive remodeling and fibrosis may lead to esophageal strictures, which worsen dysphagia and may result in food impaction and require dilation1,4</h2>
<h3>Despite current management strategies, many patients continue to have active EoE symptoms9,10</h3>
There remains an unmet need to reduce esophageal dysfunction and eosinophil-predominant inflammation in order to improve endoscopic signs, clinical symptoms, and quality of life in patients with EoE
<h3>While successful for some patients, current standard of care9,10:</h3>
<ul>
 <li>Leaves many patients symptomatic, with no long-term treatment options</li>
 <li>Does not fully address type 2 inflammation — the underlying cause of EoE</li>
 <li>Does not always address symptoms, histology, and endoscopic findings</li>
 <li>Fails to consider the everyday challenges faced by patients and caregivers</li>
</ul>

References

Understanding Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE)

EOSINOPHILIC-ESOPHAGITIS-EOE

GASTROENTEROLOGY

TYPE-2-DIABETES

DIABETES

Treatment simplification of complex insulin regimens in T2D

An educational video to discuss the challenges associated with commonly-used insulin advancement options and the need for treatment simplification for many adults with T2D. The video reviews data supporting the use of BI + GLP-1 RA FRCs versus commonly-used insulin regimens in adults with T2D.

INTEGRATED-DIABETES-CARE

Time-In-Range (TIR): How to interpret it and how it is associated with outcomes

Watch the Interview with Dr. Richard Bergenstal, International Diabetes Center, Minneapolis, USA following the ATTD 2021 Congress. Dr. Richard Bergenstal explains on how to interpret TIR and how it is associated with outcomes.

<h2>Peak esophageal intraepithelial eosinophil counts</h2>
Most studies use&nbsp;peak esophageal intraepithelial eosinophil counts&nbsp;(eosinophils per high-power field, or EOS/HPF) to determine histologic outcome, using both percent change in peak EOS/HPF as well as proportion of patients achieving a treatment response, as shown below.4

<h3>How treatment responses are classified4</h3>
<ul>
 <li>&lt;1 EOS/HPF
 <ul>
 <li>(Normal biopsy)&nbsp;Considered a&nbsp;complete histological remission</li>
 </ul></li>
 <li>≥1 to &lt;15 EOS/HPF
 <ul>
 <li>(Reduced eosinophilia)&nbsp;Considered the&nbsp;histologic response threshold</li>
 </ul></li>
 <li>≥15 EOS/HPF
 <ul>
 <li>(Persistent eosinophilia)&nbsp;Considered a&nbsp;non-response</li>
 </ul></li>
</ul>

<h2>Peak EOS/HPF is the most common histologic measure of disease severity4</h2>
<ul>
 <li>&lt;1 complete normalization</li>
 <li>≥15 non-response</li>
</ul>
<h3>Normalized enrichment score</h3>
The&nbsp;Normalized Enrichment Score (NES)&nbsp;is an additional assessment to confirm the diagnosis using gene expression of interest in eosinophilic esophagitis compared with healthy controls.5
<h3>How NES is assessed</h3>
The EoE diagnostic panel, or EDP (shown below), is a molecular diagnostic test that differentiates patients with eosinophilic esophagitis from normal controls based on 94 EoE genes; a heatmap shows which gene transcripts are upregulated (red) relative to normal controls (blue).5

<h2>EoE Diagnostic panel heatmap5</h2>
<ul>
 <li>Patients with EoE&nbsp;</li>
 <li>Normal controls&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<h2>NES scores appear to normalize in EoE patients after successful treatment6</h2>

<h3>EoE-HSS Composite score</h3>
The&nbsp;Eosinophilic Esophagitis Histologic Scoring System (EoE-HSS)&nbsp;is a scoring system that measures histologic changes in the esophagus beyond eosinophil count, including barrier function and remodeling, grading 8 features of eosinophilic esophagitis to quantify frequency, severity, and extent of abnormalities.7
<h3>How NES is assessed</h3>
Pathologists score histological degree of abnormality (grade) and histological extent of pathologic severity (stage) using a 4-point scale for each feature (0=normal; 3=most severe or extensive). The maximum possible grade or stage score for each biopsy is 24.7

<h3>EoE-HSS Composite scores are more predictive of treatment response than eosinophil count alone4,7</h3>
<ul>
 <li>0 (normal)</li>
 <li>24 (most severe or extensive)</li>
</ul>

Measures of Disease Severity in Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE)

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